German Verbs: The present tense, an overview

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German Verbs: The present tense, an overview Adapted from: http://www.vistawide.com/german/grammar/german_verbs_present_tense.htm

Present tense meanings Whereas English has multiple present tense forms, German has one form of the present tense. The German present tense is equivalent to all of the present tense English forms: ich spiele: I play, I am playing, I do play wir finden: we find, we are finding, we do find er handelt: he acts, he is acting, he does act du sprichst: you speak, you are speaking, you do speak

In addition, the present tense may indicate future time In addition, the present tense may indicate future time. In fact, the present tense is used much more frequently than the actual future tense to indicate future time in German. Usually, an adverb of time or the context itself will reveal that a future time is meant: Ich spiele morgen Tennis. Tomorrow I am playing (will play) Tennis. Nächstes Jahr reisen wir in die Schweiz. Next year we are travelling (will travel) to Switzerland.

Present tense formation The forms of German verbs in the present tense are based on the verb's infinitive -- this is the form that ends in -n or -en and that you find in you find in a dictionary entry. Regular verbs in the present tense The present tense of regular verbs is formed in the following manner: Verb stem (infinitive minus -(e)n) + personal endings: -e, -(e)st, -(e)t, -en, -(e)t, -en  

spielen - to play finden - to find handeln - to act preisen - to praise  ich spiele ich finde  ich handele ich preise du spielst du findest du handelst du preist er spielt sie findet es handelt er preist wir spielen wir finden wir handeln wir preisen ihr spielt ihr findet ihr handelt ihr preist sie spielen Sie finden sie handeln Sie preisen

VARIATIONS: • Most German verbs end in -en VARIATIONS: • Most German verbs end in -en. Verbs whose stems end in -ln or -rn drop only the -n before adding personal endings: wandern, handeln. With these verbs, the -en personal ending drops the -e: wir fordern, Sie liefern, wir regeln, sie entwickeln. • Verbs whose stems ends in -d, -t, or -m or -n following another consonant add an additional -e- before a-t or -st ending:   INFINITIVES: finden, arbeiten, zeichnen, atmen   CONJUGATED: du findest, du arbeitest, es zeichnet, ihr atmet. • Verbs whose stems end in sibilants -s, -ss, -ß, -x, or -z drop the -s- in the du-form -st personal ending:   INFINITIVES: bremsen, heißen, boxen, reizen   CONJUGATED: du bremst, du heißt, du boxt, du reizt. Note: All German verbs are regular in the plural forms of the present tense except for sein (to be), whose forms are listed below.

Irregular verbs in the present tense (1) Stem-changing verbs Stem-changing verbs are conjugated much the same way as regular verbs, except there is a stem change in the du- and er-form conjugations in the present tense. There are 4 main types of stem changes: a > ä au > äu e > i e > ie fahren - to drive laufen - to run sprechen - to speak sehen - to see  ich fahre  ich laufe  ich spreche  ich sehe du fährst du läufst du sprichst du siehst er fährt sie läuft es spricht er sieht wir fahren wir laufen wir sprechen wir sehen ihr fahrt ihr lauft ihr sprecht ihr seht sie fahren Sie laufen sie sprechen Sie sehen

VARIATIONS: • Unlike regular verbs, stem-changing verbs whose stems ends in -d or -t do not add an additional -e- before an -st ending:   INFINITIVES: laden, raten, braten.   CONJUGATED: er lädt, du rätst, du brätst. • Unlike regular verbs, stem-changing verbs whose stems ends in -d or -t do not add an additional -et ending in the er/sie/es-form. The suffix is omitted completely:   INFINITIVES: raten, halten, gelten   CONJUGATED: er rät, es hält, es gilt. • Like regular verbs, stem-changing verbs whose stems end in -s, -ß, or -z drop the -s- in the du-form -st personal ending:   INFINITIVES: messen, lesen, lassen, essen   CONJUGATED: du misst, du liest, du lässt, du isst.

• There are 2 stem-changing verbs with that do not follow any of the above patterns:   stoßen to bump, push [o > ö]       ich stoße, du stößt, er stößt, wir stoßen, ihr stoßt, sie stoßen.   erloschen to go out (of light, fire) [o > i]       commonly used only in the er/sie/es-form: erlischt. NOTES: • All stem-changing verbs are strong verbs.

should, to be supposed to (2) Modal verbs in the present tense The German language has 6 modal verbs. These verbs can be grouped together not only because they are used in much the same way but also because their formation is also similar. können müssen dürfen wollen sollen mögen can, to be able must, to have to may, to be allowed to want to should, to be supposed to to like  ich kann  ich muss  ich darf  ich will  ich soll  ich mag du kannst du musst du darfst du willst du sollst du magst er kann sie muss es darf er will sie soll es mag wir können wir müssen wir dürfen wir wollen wir sollen wir mögen ihr könnt ihr müsst ihr dürft ihr wollt ihr sollt ihr mögt sie können Sie müssen sie dürfen Sie wollen sie sollen Sie mögen

NOTES: • All modal verbs are mixed verbs, meaning that they share characteristics of both strong verbs and weak verbs. • Modal verbs have characteristic stem changes in their singular forms (except for sollen). • The ich-form and er/sie/es-forms of the modal verbs all lack personal endings and these two forms are also identical for each verb. • Like all other verbs in German except sein, the plural forms of the modal verbs are all regular.

(3) Other irregular verbs There are 4 irregular verbs in the present tense in German that do not fit into any of the above categories: sein, haben, werden, and wissen. These are commonly used verbs, so their forms should be memorized. While they share some similarities with other types of verbs, their conjugations are not wholly predictable. sein - to be haben - to have werden - to become wissen - to know  ich bin  ich habe  ich werde  ich weiß du bist du hast du wirst du weist er ist sie hat es wird er weiß wir sind wir haben wir werden wir wissen ihr seid ihr habt ihr werdet ihr wisst sie sind Sie haben sie werden Sie wissen

NOTES: • The verb haben is irregular only in the du- and er/sie/es-forms, where the b of the verb stem is omitted. • The verb werden is a stem-changing verb (e > i). In addition, the verb omits the personal ending -t in the er/sie/es-form. • The conjugation of werden follows a pattern similar to that of the modal verbs. In addition, note that the ß of the du-form becomes conflated with the -st personal ending. • With the single exception of the verb sein, all German verbs are regular in the plural form conjugations. Any irregularities occur in the singular forms.