Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Key Situations in Social Work Model: Professional Reflection and Knowledge Management 1 Adi Stämpfli, Msc, Lecturer in Social Work, Goldsmiths, University of London

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Professional Reflection is a key capability in social work Critical Reflection & Analysis: Social workers are knowledgeable about and apply the principles of critical thinking and reasoned discernment. They identify, distinguish, evaluate and integrate multiple sources of knowledge and evidence. These include practice evidence, their own practice experience, service user and carer experience together with research-based, organisational, policy and legal knowledge. They use critical thinking augmented by creativity and curiosity. The College of Social Work, Professional Capabilities Framework 2

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Reflection enables the linking of theory and practice Relationierung Although reflective practice has become a key paradigm in social work, the ideas and practices associated with its application are not well defined operationally. (Wilson, 2011; D'Cruz et al., 2007). Reflection models are lacking clear processes of how knowledge, values and practice can be related

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Our Vision is... …. to build a platform and a network for students, professionals organisations and academics in social work, which aims to support reflection and discourse on situations and to support continuous professional development of social work practice. 4

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Model: Key Situation in Social Work … developed at the University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Northwestern Switzerland for social work education offers a theoretical and a learning (individual and organisational) perspective on how to relate knowledge, practice and values can be applied in and across organisations such as universities and practice organisations focuses i.a. on reflection and discourse in communities of practice (CoPs) (Wenger, 1998) is currently being developed further (platform and CoPs) as part of a funded 20 month project 5

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Definition of Key Situation Key Situations in social work are situations which professionals describe as important and reoccurring and which they need to be able to manage in their professional practice. Although every professional situation is unique, there are essential generalisable features. The number of such situations, as the situations themselves are flexible and change over time in response to changing social conditions. From the practitioners' perspective situations are experienced as an uninterrupted course of action and as a symbolically structured context of meaning. 6

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 The most influential theoretical underpinnings of the model Illeris (2009): Comprehensive understanding of learning Jarvis (2009): Learning to be a person in society Lave & Wenger (1991): Situated Learning Wenger (1998): Communities of Practice Dreyfus & Dreyfus (1987): Novice-Expert Model Schön (1983): Reflective Practitioner: Reflection in Action, on Action and on Reflection in Action Dewe (2012): Theory-Praxis "Relationierung" 7

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Theoretical Premises 8 Socio-Constructivist view: knowledge construction in the human brain through assimilative and accommodative learning in a process of socio-cultural negotiation of meaning The best transfer of knowledge resources to new situations is possible when knowledge has been acquired in a self-directed problem solving or problem based (social) process.

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 What I will talk about Professional reflection: Working with Key Situations Dialogue about professional practice: The Key Situations Discourse Model Knowledge management in social work: online platform and communities of practice 9

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/ Describe a situation of your practice. 2.Split the situation into sequences and re-enact each sequence in role play. Following this describe the emotion of the social worker and the service user and the thinking (reflection-in-action) of the social worker. 3.Choose a heading (from the collection) 4.Determine typical characteristics of the situation Working with key situations: a step by step reflection process 10 Professional Reflection

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/ Research resources (theories, research, experiential knowledge, skills, organisational, material and time resources) 6.Define quality standards 7.Reflect on the situation using the quality standards and 8.Develop alternative courses of action 11 Working with key situations: a step by step reflection process Professional Reflection

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Conclusion 1: Knowledge, Practice and Values are integrated in reflections Social work science Scientific knowledge of social problems Scientific knowledge of interventions Ethical knowledge Social work profession Experiential knowledge Organisational and contextual knowledge Skills Professional Reflection

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Conclusion 2: Continuous Professional Development of Capability 13 Performance Person Environment Professionalism prof. Competence prof. Identity in Communities of Practice Negotiation of Meaning Reflection Action Situation 1 Situation 2 Situation 3 Knowledge, Skills, Dispositions, Values individual Knowledge, Norms, Values, Context, Resources social Situation 4Situation 5 Professional Reflection

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Outcomes of Reflections are seldom documented.... Social work science Scientific knowledge of social problems Scientific knowledge of interventions Ethical knowledge Social work profession Experiential knowledge Organisational and contextual knowledge Skills documenting knowledge

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Online Plattform to document situations as boundary objects The co-constructed reflections are documented on an online platform and are thus made accessible to others. The Key Situation Model makes use of a Wiki (akin to Wikipedia) where all 8 elements of a situation are documented. Key Situations can thus be used as boundary objects: When artefacts are seen as mediating tools rather than reified knowledge, we come to recognise that much of our knowledge lies in the discussions we have around mediating artefacts rather than in the artefacts themselves. This then creates opportunities for the re-creation of the original artefact. (Eraut, 2013, p. 217) 15 documenting knowledge

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Online Learning and Teaching OLAT 16 documenting knowledge

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Conclusion 3: Documentation makes situated knowledge accessible Social work science Scientific knowledge of social problems Scientific knowledge of interventions Ethical knowledge Social work profession Experiential knowledge Organisational and contextual knowledge Skills documenting knowledge

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Social work researchers (...) argue that IT should be designed to support the knowledge-sharing process rather than simply supporting the mechanical process of information (...). (Jang, 2012, p. 6) The platform based on situations constitutes an innovative tool and can be used by the professional and scientific community to access its situated knowledge. However, knowledge is situated: bound by context and people and is fluid, flexible and open to interpretation and change. Therefore, discourse aims to develop the quality of the practice, knowledge and values documented in a key situation. 18 discourse Platform enables discourse on documented practice and knowledge

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Online Learning and Teaching OLAT 19 discourse

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Currently we are developing the platform as part of a funded research and development project to make it more user friendly and open it up to professionals and academics. We are planning to establish around 15 CoPs consisting of practitioners and academics who will look after a range of key situations in which they have expertise (Quality Assurance) We are testing different ways to access situations. The projects runs from February 2014 to September The core team consists of three academics and an E-Learning specialist. 20 discourse Project #Key Situations

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Key Situation Network: Members Students and qualified practitioners from practice and academia can become members of the network. They can get access through the platform. Collaboration in a thematic CoP is open to all members who have an interest in the domain of the CoP, in virtual forms of cooperation and who may wish to broaden their existing networks across boundaries of academia and practice. Our network is currently being established. We have practitioners, lecturers and students in Switzerland and Germany who are already using the model and the platform. 21 discourse

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Conclusion 4: Discourse enhances professional development In addition to reflection and documentation it is essential that the professional and scientific communities engage in a discourse on (situated) knowledge and practice to foster the development of shared understandings and to further develop hybrid forms of professional knowledge. Key Situation network members can make connections, communicate and meet in (virtual) rooms through the platform. 22 discourse

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 The underlying premise of the model is that every profession can be described by its typical, reoccurring situations. A project team consisting of social work practitioners and lecturers applied a modified developing a curriculum methodology (DACUM) (Norton & Moser, 2008). They analysed the fields of social work and social pedagogy in Switzerland and produced a collection of professional key situations. The resulting 130 situations describe the typical activities that social workers need to be able to manage. The term key situation was chosen in reference to key competency and key role. 23 knowledge management Innovative, situation-based knowledge structure

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Knowledge management traditionally focuses on the publication of research, theories and reports into specific areas of practice (Jang, 2012). The problem of accessing this knowledge is a challenge. Publication alone, even when suitable access is provided, does not lead to its use in practice (Gray et al. 2009). Evidence based practice has its limitations and as a way forward DCruz et al. (2009, p. 82) suggest a (....) approach that allows engagement with a material reality, while also recognising the multiple (and relative) meanings possible for these material realities. 24 knowledge management Knowledge Management in Social Work: Evidence Based Practice

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Knowledge is memorised in situated connections and cannot be transferred easily to new contexts or situations. However, situated knowledge allows associations but needs to be adapted to new situations. Through association, practitioners can easily identify relevant key situations with the aid of the title. The platform supports search function and multiple access routes. These can then be used in reflection processes to refresh knowledge, to discuss in supervision, to comment on, to form the basis for a reflection process in a CoP or in a team, knowledge management Intuitive, associative access to knowledge

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Effective knowledge management relies on publication of knowledge and its use in professional reflection and discourse. Situations offer an ideal way to structure knowledge. Situation can easily be identified in associative, intuitive ways and can than be used for reflection and discourse. Situated knowledge is more easily transferrable through association and adaptation to new situations. 26 knowledge management Conclusion 5: Effective Knowledge Management

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/ The reflection process enables professionals to relate knowledge to (their own) practice and to focus on quality. 2.The model, its platform and the contributions of the network's members make diverse forms of knowledge visible, tangible, accessible, understandable and transferrable. Because knowledge is linked to specific situations it becomes alive and relevant. 3.Knowledge can thus be shared and exchanged, which 4.Enables a discourse, a joint negotiation of its meaning in relation to professional practice situations in social work and fosters coproduction of new professional knowledge. 27 Benefits of the Key Situation in Social Work Model

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/ Application of the model Can you envisage ways in which this model could contribute to your professional development, your reflection and your practice?

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 The model and the platform are currently used in pre- and post qualifying social work education. We envisage that it could be used.... in organisations to improve the quality of their practice (knowledge management, professional reflection, prof. development, induction). by Practice Educators to support students reflections & learning. by Researchers to support transfer of their (new) knowledge. by Lecturers to refer to practice situations. Overall the network and the platform help to bridge the gap between academia and practice, between theory and action. 29 Application of the model

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Interested? (German) Staempfli, Adi; Kunz, Regula & Tov, Eva (2012). Creating a bridge between theory and practice: working with key situations. European Journal of Social Education, 22/23, p Tov, Eva; Kunz, Regula & Stämpfli, Adi, (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep 30

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 Thank you for your attention! 31 Adi Stämpfli, Msc, Lecturer in Social Work, Goldsmiths, University of London

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 References D'Cruz, Heather; Gillingham, Philip & Melendez, Sebastian (2007) Reflexivity, its Meanings and Relevance for Social Work: A Critical Review of the Literature, British Journal of Social Work, (37), Dewe, Bernd (2012): Akademische Ausbildung in der Sozialen Arbeit – Vermittlung von Theorie und Praxis oder Relationierung von Wissen und Können im Spektrum von Wissenschaft, Organisation und Profession. In: Becker-Lenz, Roland/Busse, Stefan/Ehlert, Gudrun/Müller- Herman, Silke (Hrsg.): Professionalität Sozialer Arbeit und Hochschule. Wissen, Kompetenz, Habitus und Identität im Studium Sozialer Arbeit. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 111–128. Dreyfus, Hubert L./Dreyfus, Stuart E. (1987): Künstliche Intelligenz. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt. Eraut, Michael (2013) Developing Complex Performance Through Learning Trajectories and Re- creating Mediating Artefacts. In: Deitmer, Ludger; Hauschildt, Ursel; Rauner, Felix & Zelloth, Helmut The Architecture of Innovative Apprenticeship. Technical and Vocational Education and Training: Issues, Concerns and Prospects Volume 18, pp Gray, Mel; Plath, Debbie & Webb, Stephen A. (2009) Evidence-Based Social Work. A Critical Stance. London and New York: Routledge. Illeris, Knud (2009). Contemporary theories of learning. Learning theorists... in their own words. Oxon: Routledge. 32

Tov, Kunz & Stämpfli (2013) Schlüsselsituationen der Sozialen Arbeit. Professionalität durch Wissen, Reflexion und Diskurs in Communities of Practice. Bern: hep Verlag Key Situations in Social Work - Model04/2014 References Jang, Kyeonghee (2012) An Understanding of Optimal Knowledge Management for Social Work Practice: Based on a Process-Oriented Conceptualisation of Knowledge Integration. British Journal of Social Work 1–20 Jarvis, Peter (2009): Learning to be a person in society. In: Illeris, Knud (ed.): Contemporary theories of learning. Learning theorists … in their own words. London: Routledge, 21–34. Lave, Jean/Wenger, Etienne (1991): Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. New York: Cambridge University Press. Norton, R. E., & Moser, J. (2008). DACUM handbook (3rd ed.). Columbus, OH: Center on Education and Training for Employment, The Ohio State University. Schön, Donald A. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner. How professionals think in action. London: Temple Smith. The College of Social Work (2012) Professional Capabilities Framework. Wenger, Etienne (1998) Communities of practice. Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge University Press Wilson, George (2011) Evidencing Reflective Practice in Social Work Education: Theoretical Uncertainties and Practical Challenges, British Journal of Social Work, (Advance Access online),

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