PB389 Integrated Solid Waste Management Numfon Eaktasang, Ph.D. Thammasat University

Instant quiz We have two data related to the amount of MSW. One is “generation rate” and the other is “collection rate”. Is it same? 1. Same 2. Different

Contents in this chapter Variations Collection Rates Source separation

Variation in Waste Generation Vary Daily, weekly, monthly Seasonal, specific events Factor affect waste generation rate Source reduction + recycle Public attitudes + legislation Geographic

Solid Waste Generation in Thailand (2008-2015) www.pcd.go.th

Solid Waste Generation (2015)

Composition of Bangkok Solid Waste

Composition of Bangkok Solid Waste Solid Waste Management: Chapter 3

Variety of collection systems Collection system is different in each municipality How the residents discharge? When and where discharge ? Who collects ? How do they collect ?

How the resident discharge ? Separate discharge? or Mixed discharge? Mixed discharge Easy for resident, easy to operate Separate discharge For recycling and reuse Efficient in collection and treatment Typical ways for separation Recyclable or not Wet (kitchen garbage) and dry(others) Hazardous and non-hazardous

Solid Waste Management Situation Less than 50 % of urban solid waste is collected. The urban poor suffer most form the lack of services Management and efficiency of municipal systems is inadequate Rasche Urbanisierung Growth Rate (1990-95) Urban Rural Africa 4.4 2.0 Europe 0.6 - 1.0 N. & C. America 1.8 0.4 South America 2.5 - 0.8 Asia 3.3 0.8 (World Resources, 1996-97) Geringes Interesse der Bevölkerung Generell liegt Abfallwirtschaft bei der Nachfrage der Bevölkerung weit hinter Wasserversorgung, Faekalien- und Abwasserentsorgung und Elektrischanschluss Geringe politische Priorität Politischer Einsatz im Abfallwesen ist meist nicht “image” trächtig.

Solid Waste Management Situation Recycling activities are seldom taken into account or supported. "Waste pickers" are exposed to high health risks. Disposal is mostly uncontrolled and pollute water, soil and air. Toxic and infectious waste are mixed together with other municipal waste threatening the environment, as well as directly the waste workers and pickers health Rasche Urbanisierung Growth Rate (1990-95) Urban Rural Africa 4.4 2.0 Europe 0.6 - 1.0 N. & C. America 1.8 0.4 South America 2.5 - 0.8 Asia 3.3 0.8 (World Resources, 1996-97) Geringes Interesse der Bevölkerung Generell liegt Abfallwirtschaft bei der Nachfrage der Bevölkerung weit hinter Wasserversorgung, Faekalien- und Abwasserentsorgung und Elektrischanschluss Geringe politische Priorität Politischer Einsatz im Abfallwesen ist meist nicht “image” trächtig.

Problems and Effects of “inadequate” municipal solid waste management Neighbourhood collection Recycling activities Management of disposal Management of toxic & infectious waste Effects Health risk for the population Proliferation of disease carrying vectors (rats, mosquitoes, birds, etc.) Direct contact with waste (children + waste pickers) air pollution through burning flooding Water and air pollution Workers health risk

Collection Municipal systems service less than 50 % of the population The urban poor suffer most form the lack of service Waste remains in the neighbourhood

Some reasons for “limited” collection services Often squatter settlements (not legal). Often difficult to access. The "technology" (collection with trucks) used in downtown areas is not compatible for low-income areas. The municipal authority does not have the organisational, financial capacity and equipment to extend their services to a larger area. The urban poor often have limited means of exerting political pressure Gründe für eine ungenügende Einsammlung: Oft sind es nicht legalisierte Gebiet. Die Organisation einer städtische Einsammlung würde das Gebiet „anerkennen“ und dies ist nicht im Interesse der Stadtverwaltung. Oft sind solche Gebiete schlecht zugänglich. Zum Teil an steilen Hängen (als einzig freie Siedlungsfläche). Meistens mit unbefestigten schmalen Strassen oder Gassen. Die im Stadtzentrum meist eingesetzte Technologie (Einsammlung mit Lastwagen) kann hier schlecht oder gar nicht eingesetzt werden. Oft fehlt der Stadtverwaltung die Kapazität (organisationell, finanziell und materiell) ihr Einsatzgebiet zu vergrössern. Die Bewohner solcher Quartiere haben meist kein politisches Gewicht (und keine Lobby).

Effects of “limited” collection services Small disposal sites in the neighbourhood Waste is disposed into water bodies or drainage channels Waste is burnt in the neighbourhood Verstopfte Drainagen führen bei Regenfällen zu Überschwemmungen. Das Wasser im Drainagekanal ist meist eine Mischung aus Regenwasser, Abwasser, Faekalien und Abfall.

The informal Sector in Recycling Recycling is widespread. Informal does not mean un-organized Great work related health risk of waste pickers The later in the waste cycle -- the worse Waste picking on disposal sites are often not compatible with good disposal practice

Informal Recycling: Examples Jakarta, Indonesia 37’000 waste pickers 25% recycled Income: 0.75 - 3.5 US$ / day = 28’000 - 130’000 US$ /day ==>Income of the city on waste fees 1500 US$ /day City saving due to recycling 300’000 US$ /month

Solid Waste Management generation Waste reduction and separation at the source Collection Transportation Separation, processing & transformation Disposal

Solid Waste Management Past Present

Source Reduction “Waste Prevention” 3 Sections - Government (policy, green label, tax) - Producer (product design) - Consumer (attitude, behavior)

Product Design Eco-products, Green products, Eco-friendly, Bio-products Design for environment

Product Design Biodegradable plastics

Product Recall Program Deposit-refund systems Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment; WEEE The Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substance in electrical and electronic equipment; RoHS) End of Life Vehicles; ELV

Life Cycle Assessment

Principle of Clean Technology Cleaner Technology Reuse/Recycle Source Reduction Product Change Process Change Reuse Recycle Raw Material Change Technology Improvement Operational Management Before After

Concept of 3Rs Reduce- try to reduce the amount of waste Reuse- use items wherever possible Recycle- materials you throw away to be used again by making them into new products

Source Separation Organic Waste Hog feeding Biogas Compost

Source Separation Recycle Waste Glass Paper Plastic Metal Aluminium

Glass

Paper

Polyethylene Tetephthalate (PET, PETE) Plastic Symbol Type Polyethylene Tetephthalate (PET, PETE) High Density Polyethlene (HDPE) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Plastic Symbol Type Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Polystyrene (PS) Polypropylene (PP) Other Plastics

Metal

Aluminium

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