Nuclear Energy: Problems or Solution Helmut Rauch Atominstitut, TU-Wien

Reactors worldwide Nuclear power stations (NPP) 441 (35 construction) Research reactors 249 (in operation) Heating units 8 Naval-Reactors (U-Boats, aircraft carrier, icebreaker) 220 Satellite reactors 26 TOTAL ~ 950 Quellen - http://www.iaea.org/DataCenter/statistics.html - http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/info.htm

Electricity production worldwide EU Austria

Nuclear fission 1 kg Natururan ≐ 12.600 l Erdöl ≐ 18.900 kg Steinkohle

Reaktortypen - 1

Reaktortypen - 2

Specific CO2-Emissions Source: EDF Environmental Report

General problems prompt criticality (~ 0,6% in case of U-235) Decay heat ( ca. 20 MW after 1 St.) Waste (pro KKW:18 kg/a Np-237; 70 kg/a Am-243 ) Terrorism Chernobyl Fukushima

TEMPERATUR RÜCKWIRKUNG Doppler-Effekt Absorpion Entkommfaktor p(300K) = 0,861 p(1000K)= 0,835 Dieser Faktor ist immer negativ !!!

Xenon – Poison (Xe135)* Te135 J135 Xe135 Cs135 Ba135 sa = 3,4x106 b 30 % b g Te135 J135 30 sec. 70 % b 6,7 h Xe135 Cs135 Ba135 9,2 h 2,6 x 108 a sa = 3,4x106 b Spaltprodukte

Xenon – Poison Regelstäbe Regelstäbe Core Core Xe-135 Gleichgewicht

VOID - KOEFFIZIENT U H2O C Dr = + 0,0064 sa = 0,33b sa = 0,0034b

Cutaway of the Nuclear Unit 1.  Core 2.  Piping of water lines 3.  Lower biological shielding  4.  Distribution headers 5.  Side biological shielding  6.  Drum-separator 7.  Piping of steam-water lines 8.  Upper biological shielding 9.  Refuelling machine 10.  Demountable plating 11.  Fuel channel ducts 12.  Downcorners 13.  Pressure header 14.  Suction header 15.  Main circulation pump

Power Diagram - Accident

Cs-137 Contamination in Vienna since 1956 Erich Tschirf et al.

Radiation Exposure of the Public Occupational radiation exposure ≈ 0.05 mSv Chernobyl accident, nuclear weapon tests < 0.01 mSv Ionizing radiation and radionuclides in research, industry and household < 0.02 mSv Ionizing radiation and radionuclides in medicine ≈ 1.3 mSv Ingestion of natural radionuclides ≈ 0.3 mSv External exposure from natural sources ≈ 1 mSv Inhalation of radon and its progeny ≈ 1.6 mSv ≈ 4.3 mSv

Problems prompte Kritikalität (~ 0,6% bei U-235) Decay heat ( ca. 20 MW nach 1 St.) Abfall (pro KKW:18 kg/a Np-237; 70 kg/a Am-243 ) Terrorismus Chernobyl Fukushima

Decay heat Nachzerfallswärme der Spaltprodukte

Fukushima

Fukochima Daiichi 1-6 Siedewasserreaktor I-1: 440 MW I-2: 760 MW 20 20

Normal operation Emergency operation Core melting H2 explosion Spent fuel pool problem Venting H2O and H2

Fukushima↔Chernobyl

Fakten Das Japan Desaster ist eine Folge des Erdbebens der Stärke 9. Der Zumani ist eine Folge davon. Die Probleme mit den Kernkraftwerken sind ebenfalls eine Folge davon.

Press Articles „on Fukushima“: until 14.04.2011 Germany 43.640 All other EU member states 9.300 Source: Meltwater News 24

Consequences Increasing safety passive safety measures Man independent safety features Increasing time for passive safety handling Construction accepting large accidents Standardisation, Modul Structure Improving economic factors

European Pressured Water Reactor - EPR melted core pot

Problemfelder prompte Kritikalität (~ 0,6% bei U-235) Nachzerfallswärme ( ca. 20 MW nach 1 St.) Waste (pro KKW:18 kg/a Np-237; 70 kg/a Am-243 ) Terrorismus Chernobyl Fukushima

Waste Radiotoxizität ohne und mit Transmutation

Each heavy nucleus can be transfered to a light and short living one Spallation Process Each heavy nucleus can be transfered to a light and short living one ~ 1 GeV

Accelerator Driven Nuclear Systems Probleme: high current accelerator high activity handling window problems nuclear transmutation nuclear energy no transient behavior

Fusion Probleme: 100 Mill. Grad kg Mengen von Tritium Magneteinschluss

ITER-FEAT Design International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor- Fusion Energy Amplifier TOKAMAK Design Divertor Central Solenoid Outer Intercoil Structure Toroidal Field Coil Poloidal Field Coil Machine Gravity Supports Blanket Module Vacuum Vessel Cryostat Port Plug (EC Heating) Torus Cryopump

SUMMARY More nuclear energy More efficient and safer installations Nuclear Transmutation as an Option Fusion in 50 Years ? In Europe and oversea

Comparison of Electricity Generating Costs (Finland 2008)

Abfall Radiotoxizität ohne und mit Transmutation

Deutschland Österreich

__________________________ Fortschrittliche Reaktoren - EPR Reaktorgebäude zylindrisch doppelschalig gegen Absturz eines schnellfliegenden Militärflugzeuges ausgelegt ___________________________ Otmar Promper Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten

__________________________ Fortschrittliche Reaktoren - EPR Beherrschung von Kernschmelzunfällen Opfermaterial zur Temperaturabsenkung Ausbreitungsfläche passive Einrichtungen zur Kühlung

Fukushima: Phase 1

Fukushima: Phase 2

Fukushima: Phase 4

Electricity Production in Germany (2008 – 2010) TWh 24% 23% 57% Fossil 23% Nuclear 16% Renewables 19% 13% 6% 5% 4% 3% 1% 2% Installed capacity 14 % 13% 18% 15% 3% 17% 11% 45