Menschenrechte in Afrika

Präsentation zum Thema: "Menschenrechte in Afrika"—  Präsentation transkript:

1 Menschenrechte in Afrika
Geschichte Artikel 6 der "Kongo-Akte“ von 1885 "Alle Mächte, welche in den gedachten Gebieten Souveränitätsrechte oder einen Einfluß ausüben, verpflichten sich, die Erhaltung der eingeborenen Bevölkerung und die Verbesserung ihrer sittlichen und materiellen Lebenslage zu überwachen und an der Unterdrückung der Sklaverei und insbesondere des Negerhandels mitzuwirken; sie werden ohne Unterschied der Nationalität oder des Kultus alle religiösen, wissenschaftlichen und wohlthätigen Einrichtungen und Unternehmungen schützen und begünstigen, welche zu jenem Zweck geschaffen und organisirt sind, oder dahin zielen, die Eingeborenen zu unterrichten und ihnen die Vortheile der Civilisation verständlich und werth zu machen."

2 OAU – Organisation of African Unity (Organisation Afrikanischer Einheit)
Die Afrikanische Charta der Menschenrechte und Rechte der Völker Präambel Die afrikanischen Mitgliedstaaten der Organisation für afrikanische Einheit (OAU), Vertragsstaaten des vorliegenden Übereinkommens, der »Banjul Charta der Menschenrechte und Rechte der Völker«, (…) unter Berücksichtigung der Kraft ihrer Tradition und der Werte der afrikanischen Zivilisation, die ihre Einstellung gegenüber den Menschenrechten und Rechten der Völker leiten und für sie charakteristisch sein soll;

3 Individuelle Rechte der Banjul - Charta
Artikel 13 (1) Jeder Staatsbürger hat das Recht, sich frei an der Leitung öffentlicher Angelegenheiten seines Staates zu beteiligen, entweder unmittelbar oder durch Vertreter, die unter Beachtung der gesetzlichen Vorschriften frei gewählt worden sind. (2) Jeder Staatsbürger hat unter gleichen Bedingungen das Recht auf Zulassung zu den öffentlichen Ämtern seines Landes. (3) Jedermann hat ein Recht auf Zugang zu den öffentlichen Einrichtungen und Dienstleistungen unter strengster Beachtung der Gleichheit aller vor dem Gesetz. Artikel 15 Jedermann hat ein Recht darauf, unter gerechten und befriedigenden Bedingungen zu arbeiten und einen Anspruch auf gleichen Lohn für gleiche Arbeit. Artikel 16 (1) Jedermann hat ein Recht auf das für ihn erreichbare Höchstmaß an körperlicher und geistiger Gesundheit. (2) Die Vertragsparteien dieser Charta werden die notwendigen Maßnahmen ergreifen, um die Gesundheit ihres Volkes zu schützen und um sicherzustellen, dass jedermann im Krankheitsfall medizinisch versorgt wird.

4 Die Rechte der Völker der Banjul -Charta
Artikel 19 Alle Menschen sind gleich, ihnen kommt die gleiche Achtung zu, und sie haben die gleichen Rechte. Die Herrschaft des einen Volkes über ein anderes kann durch nichts gerechtfertigt werden. Artikel 20 (1) Alle Völker haben ein Existenzrecht. Sie haben das unbestreitbare und unveräußerliche Recht auf Selbstbestimmung. Sie entscheiden frei über ihren politischen Status und gestalten ihre wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Entwicklung nach der von ihnen frei gewählten Politik. (2) Die unter Kolonialherrschaft oder in Unterdrückung lebenden Völker haben das Recht, sich von den Fesseln der Fremdherrschaft unter Anwendung aller von der Internationalen Völkergemeinschaft anerkannten Mittel zu befreien. (3) Alle Völker haben Anspruch darauf, in ihrem Befreiungskampf von den Vertragsstaaten dieser Charta politisch, wirtschaftlich oder kulturell unterstützt zu werden. Artikel 24 Alle Völker haben das Recht auf eine Umwelt, die insgesamt zufriedenstellend und ihrer Entwicklung günstig ist.

5 Individuelle Pflichten der Banjul- Charta
Artikel 27 (1) Jedermann hat Pflichten gegenüber seiner Familie und der Gesellschaft, gegenüber dem Staat und anderen gesetzlich anerkannten Gemeinschaften sowie gegenüber der internationalen Gemeinschaft. (2) Jedermann übt seine Rechte und Freiheiten unter angemessener Berücksichtigung der Rechte anderer, der kollektiven Sicherheit, der Sittlichkeit und der gemeinsamen Interessen aus. Artikel 28 Jedermann ist verpflichtet, seine Mitmenschen zu achten, sie ohne Diskriminierung zu betrachten und mit ihnen auf die Förderung, Bewahrung und Stärkung der gegenseitigen Achtung und Toleranz gerichtete Beziehungen zu unterhalten.

6 Individuelle Pflichten der Banjul- Charta
Artikel 29 Jedermann hat darüber hinaus die Pflicht: 1. die harmonische Entwicklung der Familie zu schützen und für den Zusammenhalt und die Achtung der Familie zu arbeiten; seine Eltern jederzeit zu achten und sie zu unterhalten, wenn sie bedürftig sind; 2. seiner nationalen Gemeinschaft dadurch zu dienen, daß er ihr seine körperlichen und geistigen Kräfte zu Verfügung stellt; 3. die Sicherheit des Landes, dessen Staatsangehöriger er ist oder in dem er sich aufhält, nicht zu gefährden; 4. die soziale und nationale Solidarität zu bewahren und zu stärken, insbesondere, wenn letztere bedroht ist; 5. die nationale Unabhängigkeit und die territoriale Integrität seines Landes zu bewahren und zu stärken und im Rahmen der Gesetze einen Beitrag zur Verteidigung zu leisten; 6. unter vollem Einsatz der Kräfte und Fähigkeiten zu arbeiten und die im Interesse der Gesellschaft auferlegten Steuern zu bezahlen; 7. im Verhältnis zu anderen Mitgliedern der Gesellschaft positive afrikanische kulturelle Werte im Geiste der Toleranz, des Dialogs und der Zusammenarbeit zu bewahren und zu stärken und, allgemein ausgedrückt, zur Förderung des sittlichen Wohlbefindens der Gesellschaft beizutragen; 8. sein Bestes zu tun zur Förderung und Erlangung der afrikanischen Einheit, jederzeit und auf allen Ebenen.

7 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Article 30 Banjul - Charter An African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, hereinafter called “the Commission”, shall be established within the Organisation of African Unity to promote human and peoples’ rights and ensure their protection in Africa. Article 31 Banjul-Charter The Commission shall consist of eleven members chosen from amongst African personalities of the highest reputation, known for their high morality, integrity, impartiality and competence in matters of human and peoples' rights; particular consideration being given to persons having legal experience. The members of the Commission shall serve in their personal capacity.

8 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Article 45 Banjul- Charter The functions of the Commission shall be: 1. To promote Human and Peoples' Rights and in particular: (a) to collect documents, undertake studies and researches on African problems in the field of human and peoples' rights, organize seminars, symposia and conferences, disseminate information, encourage national and local institutions concerned with human and peoples' rights, and should the case arise, give its views or make recommendations to Governments. (b) to formulate and lay down, principles and rules aimed at solving legal problems relating to human and peoples' rights and fundamental freedoms upon which African Governments may base their legislations. (c) co-operate with other African and international institutions concerned with the promotion and protection of human and peoples' rights. 2. Ensure the protection of human and peoples' rights under conditions laid down by the present Charter. 3. Interpret all the provisions of the present Charter at the request of a State party, an institution of the OAU or an African Organization recognized by the OAU. 4. Perform any other tasks which may be entrusted to it by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government.

9 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Article 47 Banjul- Charter If a State party to the present Charter has good reasons to believe that another State party to this Charter has violated the provisions of the Charter, it may draw, by written communication, the attention of that State to the matter. This communication shall also be addressed to the Secretary General of the OAU and to the Chairman of the Commission. Within three months of the receipt of the communication, the State to which the communication is addressed shall give the enquiring State, written explanation or statement elucidating the matter. This should include as much as possible relevant information relating to the laws and rules of procedure applied and applicable, and the redress already given or course of action available. Article 49 Banjul- Charter Notwithstanding the provisions of 47, if a State party to the present Charter considers that another State party has violated the provisions of the Charter, it may refer the matter directly to the Commission by addressing a communication to the Chairman, to the Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity and the State concerned.

10 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Article 55 Banjul - Charter 1. Before each Session, the Secretary of the Commission shall make a list of the Communications other than those of State Parties to the present Charter and transmit them to Members of the Commission, who shall indicate which Communications should be considered by the Commission. 2. A Communication shall be considered by the Commission if a simple majority of its members so decide. Article 56 Banjul -Charter Communications relating to Human and Peoples’ rights referred to in Article 55 received by the Commission, shall be considered if they: 1. Indicate their authors even if the latter requests anonymity, 2. Are compatible with the Charter of the Organisation of Afri- can Unity or with the present Charter, 3. Are not written in disparaging or insulting language directed against the State concerned and its institutions or to the Organisation of African Unity, 4. Are not based exclusively on news disseminated through the mass media, 5. Are sent after exhausting local remedies, if any, unless it is obvious that this procedure is unduly prolonged, 6. Are submitted within a reasonable period from the time local remedies are exhausted or from the date the Commission is seized with the matter, and 7. Do not deal with cases which have been settled by those States involved in accordance with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, or the Charter of the Organisation of African Unity or the provisions of the present Charter.

11 AU – African Union Präambel der Gründungsakte der AU
We, the Heads of State and Government of the Member States of the Organization of the African Unity (OAU): (…) DETERMINED to promote and protect human and people’s rights, consolidate democratic institutions and culture, and to ensure good governance and the rule of law;

12 Gründungsakte der AU Article 3
The objectives of the Union shall be to: a) achieve greater unity and solidarity between the African countries and the peoples of Africa; b) defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States; c) accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent; d) promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples; e) encourage international cooperation, taking due account of the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; f) promote peace, security, and stability on the continent; g) promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance; h) Promote and protect human and people’s rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights and other relevant human rights instruments; i) establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations; j) promote sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies; k) promote co-operation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples; l) coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union; m) advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technology; n) work with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases nad the promotion of good health on the continent.

13 Gründungsakte der AU Article 4
The Union shall function in accordance with the following principles: sovereign equality and interdependence among Member States of the Union; respect of borders existing on achievement of independence; participation of the African peoples in the activities of the Union; establishment of a common defense policy for the African Continent; peaceful resolution of conflicts among Member States of the Union through such appropriate means as may be decided upon by the Assembly; prohibition of the use of force or threat to use force among Member States of the Union; non-interference by any Member State in the internal affairs of another; the right of the Union to intervene in a Member State pursuant to a decision of the Assembly in respect of grave circumstances, namely: war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity; peaceful co-existence of Member States and their right to live in peace and security; the right of Member States to request intervention from the Union in order to restore peace and security; promotion of self-reliance within the framework of the Union; promotion of gender equality; respect for democratic principles, human rights, the rule of law and good governance; promotion of social justice to ensure balanced economic development; respect for the sanctity of human life, condemnation and rejection of impunity and political assassination, acts of terrorism and subversive activities; condemnation and rejection of unconstitutional changes of governments.

14 Der Afrikanische Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte und die Rechte der Völker
Zusatzprotokoll, verabschiedet 1998 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 2004 in Kraft Article 3 Jurisdiction 1. The jurisdiction of the Court shall extend to all cases and disputes submitted to it concerning the interpretation and application of the Charter, this Protocol and any other relevant Human Rights instrument ratified by the States concerned. (…) Article 7 Sources of Law The Court shall apply the provision of the Charter and any other relevant human rights instruments ratified by the States concerned.

15 Arabische Charta der Menschenrechte
Präambel (…) Pursuant to the eternal principles of brotherhood, equality and tolerance among all human beings which were firmly established by the Islamic Shari’a and other divinely-revealed religions, (…) Rejecting racism and zionism which constitute a violation of human rights and pose a threat to international peace and security, acknowledging the close interrelationship between human rights and world peace, reaffirming the principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as the provisions of the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam, (…)

16 Arabische Charta der Menschenrechte
Article 5 1. Every human being has an inherent right to life. 2. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life. Article 10 1. Slavery and slave trade in all their forms shall be prohibited and punishable by law. No one shall, under any circumstances, be held in slavery or in servitude. 2. Forced labor, human trafficking for prostitution or sexual exploitation, the exploitation of others for prostitution and any other form of exploitation, as well as exploiting children during armed conflicts, are prohibited. Article 11 All persons are equal before the law and have a right to enjoy its protection without discrimination.

17 Arabische Charta der Menschenrechte
Article 33 1. The family is the natural and fundamental unit of society, founded by the marriage of a man and a woman. The right of men and women of marriageable age to marry and to found a family shall be recognized. No marriage shall be entered without the full consent of the intending spouses. The law in force shall regulate the rights and responsibilities of spouses as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. (…)

18 Arabische Charta der Menschenrechte
Article 34 1. Every citizen shall have the right to work. The State undertakes to ensure employment for as many employment seekers as possible, while ensuring maximum state production, and the freedom to work and equality of opportunity without discrimination of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political opinion, affiliation to a trade union, national or social origin, handicap or other status. 2. Every worker shall have the right to the enjoyment of just and favourable conditions of work which provide for: a fair wage allowing workers to sustain a decent living for themselves and their families, limitation of working hours, rest and periodic holidays with pay, safe and healthy working conditions, the protection of women, children and handicapped persons in the workplace. 3. State Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education, or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development. To this end, and having regard to the relevant provisions of other international instruments, State Parties shall in particular: a. Provide for a minimum age of employment b. Provide for appropriate regulation of the hours and conditions of employment c. Provide for appropriate penalties or other sanctions to ensure the effective enforcement of the present article 4. No distinction between men and women shall be made in the exercise of the right to benefit effectively from training, employment, protection of work, and equal pay for work of equal value and quality 5. Every State Party shall ensure protection to workers migrating to its territory in accordance with its laws.

19 Arabische Charta der Menschenrechte
Article 3 1. Each State Party to the present Charter undertakes to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the right to enjoy all the rights and freedoms recognized herein, without any distinction on grounds of race, color, sex, language, religion, opinion, thought, national or social origin, property, birth or physical or mental disability. 2. The States Party to the present Charter shall undertake necessary measures to guarantee effective equality in the enjoyment of all rights and liberties established in the present Charter, so as to protect against all forms of discrimination based on any reason mentioned in the previous paragraph. 3. Men and women are equal in human dignity, in rights and in duties, within the framework of the positive discrimination established in favor of women by Islamic Shari’a and other divine laws, legislation and international instruments. Consequently, each State Party to the present Charter shall undertake all necessary measures to guarantee the effective equality between men and women.

20 Arabische Charta der Menschenrechte
Article 48 1. The State Parties shall submit reports to the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States on the measures they have taken to give effect to the rights and freedoms recognized in this Charter and on the progress made towards the enjoyment thereof. The Secretary-General shall transmit these reports to the Committee for its consideration. 2. The State Parties shall submit an initial report to the Committee within one year from the date on which the Charter enters into force, and a periodic report every three years thereafter. The Committee may request the States Parties to supply it with additional information relating to the implementation of the Charter. 3. The Committee shall study in public the reports submitted by the States Parties under paragraph b) of this article in the presence and with the collaboration of the representative of the State Parties whose report is being considered. 4. The Committee shall examine the report, comment thereon and make the necessary recommendations in accordance with the aims of the Charter. 5. The Committee shall submit an annual report containing its comments and recommendations to the Council of the League, through the intermediary of the Secretary-General. 6. The Committee’s reports, concluding observations and recommendations shall be public documents which the Committee shall disseminate widely.

21 Arabische Charta der Menschenrechte
Article 45 1. There shall be established, pursuant to the present Charter, an Arab Human Rights Committee, hereafter referred to as « the Committee». The Committee shall be composed of seven members elected by secret ballot by the State Parties to the present Charter. 2. The Committee shall consist of nationals of the State Parties to the present Charter, who shall be highly experienced persons competent in the Committee’s field of work. The members of the Committee shall serve in their personal capacity with full impartiality and integrity. 3. The Committee shall not include more than one person from the same State Party. Such member shall be eligible for re-election only once. The principle of rotation shall be strictly observed. 4. The members of the Committee shall be elected for a four-year term. However, the terms of three of the members elected at the first election shall expire at the end of two years, with the names of these three members chosen by lot. (…)

22 Arabische Charta der Menschenrechte
(…) 5. Six months before the date of the election, the Secretary General of the League of Arab States shall invite the State Parties to submit their candidates over a three-month period. He shall give them the list of candidates two months before the date of the election. The candidates who obtain the most votes will be the elected members of the Committee. If, because two or more candidates have an equal number of votes, the number of candidates with the largest number of votes exceeds the number required, a second ballot will be held between the persons with equal numbers of votes. If the votes are again equal, the member or members shall be chosen by lot. The first election of the Committee’s members shall take place no later than six months after the Charter comes into force. 6. The Secretary General shall convene the State Parties to a meeting dedicated to the election of the members of the Committee at the Headquarters of the League of Arab States. The majority of the State Parties shall constitute a quorum. If the quorum is not reached, the Secretary General shall convene a new meeting where a third of the State Parties shall constitute a quorum. If the quorum is still not reached, the Secretary General shall convene a third meeting which will take place without regard to the number of State Parties present. 7. The Committee’s first meeting shall be convened by the Secretary General. During this meeting, the Committee shall elect its chairman from its members, for a two-year term renewable for one further term of two years. The Committee shall establish its own statute and rules of procedure and shall determine how often it shall meet. The Committee shall hold its meetings at the headquarters of the League of Arab States. It may also meet in any other State party to the present Charter at that party’s invitation.

23 Kairoer Erklärung der Menschenrechte im Islam
Artikel 24 Alle Rechte und Freiheiten, die in dieser Erklärung genannt wurden, unterstehen der islamischen Scharia. Artikel 25 Die islamische Scharia ist die einzig zuständige Quelle für die Auslegung oder Erklärung jedes einzelnen Artikels dieser Erklärung.

24 Asiatische Menschenrechtscharta
Artikel 1.1 „Das Ringen der Völker Asiens für Recht und Freiheit hat tiefe historische Wurzeln im Kampf gegen die Unterdrückung innerhalb der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft und gegen politische Repression durch den Kolonialismus und weiterführend im Kampf für die Errichtung oder Wiederherstellung der Demokratie.„ Artikel 2.2 „Wir glauben, dass die Rechte universal sind und dass jede Person einen Anspruch auf sie besitzt, weil sie ein Mensch ist."