German Grammar Lectures

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Lecture 5: Verbal Particles and Tense Forms
 Präsentation transkript:

German Grammar Lectures Verbal Particles and Tense Forms Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk

5.1 Introduction The case information within an article or equivalent is determined by the verb. This lecture introduces you to the engine of the sentence - the verb or predicate. You need to be well acquainted with the different parts of the verb in order to match the verb to the subject of the sentence and to form the tenses of the verb correctly.

5.2 The Infinitive The form of the verb that you find in your dictionary is the infinitive (der Infinitiv): This can have one of two endings. -en: schlafen (to sleep), machen (to do) -n: sein (to be), tun (to do) -n endings are common amongst verbs whose stem contains -el and -er: e.g. angeln (to fish), wandern (to wander)

5.3 Finite verbs When a verb adds personal endings we call it a finite verb - ein finites Verb. The finite forms of a verb are those where a verb shows tense, person & number. Finite verbs refer back to (or ‘agree with’) the subject of the sentence. E.g. Der Student schläft (tense  present; person  third; number  singular)

5.4 Non-finite verbs Non-finite verb forms do not agree with the subject i.e. have no person, tense or number. The main non-finite forms of a verb are: Infinitive  machen (= to do) Present participle  machend (= doing) Past participle  gemacht (= done) These non-finite forms are combined with auxiliary verbs to form compound tenses and the passive voice.

5.5 German present tense There is no continuous present in German. Thus er schläft can either mean “he sleeps” or “he is sleeping” depending on context. The German present tense is often used where English would use the future tense: Wir finden es nie = “We will never find it”. This tense is used with seit to express a current action that began in the past. (Ich studiere seit zwei Jahren)

5.6 Present tense endings Most German verbs are regular in their conjugation and may be called weak verbs. They form the present tense by taking the stem of the infinitive  e.g. mach-en, tu-n and then adding the following endings: ich  -e wir  -en du  -st ihr  -t er/sie  -t sie  -en

5.7 Present tense: holen Singular Plural ich hole: I fetch du holst: you fetch Sie holen: you fetch (= formal) er holt: he fetches sie holt: she fetches es holt: it fetches Plural wir holen: we fetch ihr holt: you fetch (= informal) Sie holen: you fetch (= formal) sie holen: they fetch

5.8 Verbs in -d/-t or -m/-n Verbs whose stem ends in -d or -t, or in -m or -n after a consonant add -e- before the endings -t and -st of the present tense. -d  reden, finden, senden, beenden -t  warten, arbeiten, beten (= to pray) consonant + -m  atmen (= to breathe), widmen (= to devote) consonant + -n  regnen, begegnen, rechnen, zeichnen (= to draw)

5.9 Present tense: reden Singular Plural ich rede: I talk du redest: you talk Sie reden: you talk (= formal) er redet: he talks sie redet: she talks es redet: it talks Plural wir reden: we talk ihr redet: you talk (= informal) Sie reden: you talk (= formal) sie reden: they talk

5.10 Present tense: warten Singular ich warte: I wait du wartest: you wait er wartet: he waits sie wartet: she waits es wartet: it waits Plural wir warten: we wait ihr wartet: you wait (= informal) Sie warten: you wait (= formal) sie warten: they wait

5.11 Present tense: atmen Singular ich atme: I breathe du atmest: you breathe Sie atmen: you breathe (= formal) er/sie/es atmet: he/she/it breathes Plural wir atmen: we breathe ihr atmet: you breathe (= informal) Sie atmen: you breathe (= formal) sie atmen: they breathe

5.12 Present tense: zeichnen Singular ich zeichne: I draw du zeichnest: you draw Sie zeichnen: you draw (= formal) er/sie/es zeichnet: he/she/it draws Plural wir zeichnen: we draw ihr zeichnet: you draw (= inf.) Sie zeichnen: you draw (= formal) sie zeichnen: they draw

5.13 Verbs in -s, -ß, -x or -z Verbs whose stem ends in -s, -ß, -x or -z have the ending -t (NOT: -st) in the second person singular of the present tense. -s  rasen (= to race), wachsen (= to grow) -ß  heißen, grüßen, schweißen (= to weld) -x  faxen (= to fax), boxen (= to box) -z  setzen, sitzen, tanzen, glänzen, heizen (e.g. du wächst, du grüßt, du faxt, du setzt)

5.14 Present tense: heißen Singular ich heiße: my name is... du heißt: your name is... er/sie/es heißt: his/her/its name is... Plural wir heißen: our name is ihr heißt: your name is (= inf.) sie heißen: their name is

5.15 Present tense: tanzen Singular ich tanze: I dance du tanzt: you dance Sie tanzen: you dance (= formal) er/sie/es tanzt: he/she/it dances Plural wir tanzen: we dance ihr tanzt: you dance (= informal) Sie tanzen: you dance (= formal) sie tanzen: they dance

5.16 Verbs with a stem in -el, -er Verbs with a stem in -el or -er have the ending -n (NOT: -en) in the infinitive and the first & third person plural of the present: -el/-er  wir handeln, sie wandern In the first person singular of the present tense, -el verbs always drop the -e- of the stem; -er verbs rarely do so in formal German -el  ich handle, ich sammle, ich entwickle -er  ich wand(e)re; BUT: ich ändere, ich erinnere mich

5.17 Present tense: sammeln Singular ich sammle: I collect du sammelst: you collect Sie sammeln: you collect (= formal) er/sie/es sammelt: he/she/it collects Plural wir sammeln: we collect ihr sammelt: you collect (= inf.) Sie sammeln: you collect (= formal) sie sammeln: they collect

5.18 Present tense: wandern Singular ich wand(e)re: I roam du wanderst: you roam Sie wandern: you roam (= formal) er/sie/es wandert: he/she/it roams Plural wir wandern: we roam ihr wandert: you roam (= inf.) Sie wandern: you roam (= formal) sie wandern: they roam

5.19 Present tense: ändern Singular ich ändere: I change du änderst: you change Sie ändern: you change (= formal) er/sie/es ändert: he/she/it changes Plural wir ändern: we change ihr ändert: you change (= inf.) Sie ändern: you change (= formal) sie ändern: they change

5.20 German irregular verbs The present tense of the irregular or strong German verbs must be learned carefully! Whilst they take the same endings as the regular verbs, many irregular verbs change their stem vowel in the second and third person singular of the present tense: Most commonly: a  -ä short -e  -i au  -äu long -e  -ie

5.21 Present: a/au irregular verbs fahren: ich fahre, du fährst, sie fährt fallen: ich falle, du fällst, es fällt lassen: ich lasse, du lässt, er lässt schlafen: ich schlafe, du schläfst, er schläft au  äu laufen: ich laufe, du läufst, sie läuft saufen: ich saufe, du säufst, er säuft Exceptions: saugen, schaffen (= to create) - er saugt, schafft

5.22 Present Tense: -e  -i/-ie Short -e  -i essen: ich esse, du isst, sie isst helfen: ich helfe, du hilfst, es hilft sprechen:ich spreche du sprichst, er spricht treffen: ich treffe, du triffst, sie trifft Long -e  -ie lesen: ich lese, du liest, er liest sehen: ich sehe, du siehst, sie sieht stehlen: ich stehle, du stiehlst, er stiehlt

5.23 Present tense: essen Singular ich esse: I eat du isst: you eat er/sie/es isst: he/she/it eats Plural wir essen: we eat ihr esst: you eat (= informal) sie essen: they eat

5.24 Vowel change + -d/-t Verbs with the aforementioned vowel changes whose stem ends in -d or -t do not add -et in the third person singular. halten  ich halte, du hältst, es hält laden  ich lade, du lädst, sie lädt raten  ich rate, du rätst, sie rät This is also true of the -e  -i/-ie change: gelten  ich gelte, du giltst, es gilt treten  ich trete, du trittst, sie tritt

5.25 Present tense: halten Singular ich halte: I hold du hältst: you hold er/sie/es hält: he/she/it holds Plural wir halten: we hold ihr haltet: you hold (= informal) sie halten: they hold

5.26 Exceptions in –i and -ö Three long -e verbs change this to short -i: geben  ich gebe, du gibst, sie gibt nehmen  ich nehme, du nimmst, sie nimmt treten  ich trete, du trittst, sie tritt Several strong verbs in -e do not change the vowel. These include gehen, heben, stehen. Note the following -ö vowel changes: stoßen  ich stoße, du stößt, er stößt erlöschen  die Kerze erlischt (= goes out)

5.27 Imperfect tense...? What students call the “imperfect endings” are in fact used for TWO different tenses. They can refer to the imperfect tense which expresses uncompleted action in the past. Er wartete schon auf mich. (= He was already waiting for me.) Das Publikum wurde langsam ungeduldig. (= The crowd was slowly becoming impatient.)

5.28 …or the simple past? The same endings are also used by the simple past or preterite (das Präteritum). This tense is used to describe past events in written German and is similar to English: Sie kam ins Zimmer und setzte sich. (= She came into the room and sat down.) 1961 baute die DDR die Berliner Mauer. (= The GDR built the Berlin Wall in 1961.)

5.29 Imperfect/simple past endings Regular / weak verbs form the imperfect / preterite by constructing an imperfect stem: This is formed by taking the stem of the infinitive and adding -te : e.g. mach-en  machte, änder-n  änderte Then the following endings are added: ich  --- wir  -n du  -st ihr  -t er/sie  --- sie  -n

5.30 Imperfect/preterite: holen Singular ich holte: I fetched du holtest: you fetched er/sie/es holte: he/she/it fetched Plural wir holten: we fetched ihr holtet: you fetched (= inf.) sie holten: they fetched

5.31 Verbs in -d/-t or -m/-n Verbs whose stem ends in -d or -t, or in -m or -n after a consonant add -ete to form the imperfect stem: -d  ich redete, du redetest, er redete -t  ich arbeitete, du arbeitetest, er arbeitete consonant + -m  ich atmete, du atmetest consonant + -n  ich rechnete, du rechnetest

5.32 Imperfect/preterite: warten Singular ich wartete: I waited du wartetest: you waited er/sie/es wartete: he/she/it waited Plural wir warteten: we waited ihr wartetet: you waited (= inf.) sie warteten: they waited

5.33 Imperfect/preterite: irregular Irregular / strong verbs form the imperfect / preterite by adding the same endings: Their imperfect stem can be very different however! Only a few strong verbs add -te and these change consonants and vowels: e.g. bringen  brachte, denken  dachte Note in particular the verbs in -ennen : brennen  brannte, kennen  kannte, nennen  nannte, rennen  rannte

5.34 Imperfect/preterite: bringen Singular ich brachte: I brought du brachtest: you brought er/sie/es brachte: he/she/it brought Plural wir brachten: we brought ihr brachtet: you brought sie brachten: they brought

5.35 Imperfect/preterite: kennen Singular ich kannte: I knew du kanntest: you knew er/sie/es kannte: he/she/it knew Plural wir kannten: we knew ihr kanntet: you knew (= informal) sie kannten: they knew

5.36 Irregular imperfects/preterites Most irregular / strong verbs do not add -te to the imperfect stem. These must be learned separately! Note the vowel changes: -ei  -ie/-i: bleiben  blieb, beißen  biss -i  -a : singen  sang, sinken  sank -ie  -o : fliegen  flog, bieten  bot -e  -a : helfen  half, essen  aß -a  -u : fahren  fuhr, waschen  wusch -a  -ie : fallen  fiel

5.37 Imperfect/preterite: geben Singular ich gab: I gave du gabst: you gave er/sie/es gab: he/she/it gave Plural wir gaben: we gave ihr gabt: you gave (= informal) sie gaben: they gave (N.B. -en plurals!)

5.38 Imperfect/preterite: bieten Singular ich bot: I offered du botest: you offered er/sie/es bot: he/she/it offered Plural wir boten: we offered ihr botet: you offered (= inf.) sie boten: they offered

5.39 Compound tenses A compound tense is a verb with two parts: 1) an auxiliary verb (das Hilfsverb): haben, sein, werden with finite verb endings 2) a non-finite verb (das Vollverb): infinitive, past participle As the auxiliary verb has finite verb endings, it must be in the present or imperfect tense. The past participle or infinitive comes at the end of the clause with normal word order.

5.40 The German future tense Thus the future tense is comprised of: 1) the present tense of werden 2) the infinitive of das Vollverb It is used much less often than in English and is usually replaced by the present tense. The future is often used to avoid confusion: Hat er gesagt, dass er sie besuchen wird? (i.e. “will visit” and not “is now visiting”)

5.41 Future tense: sagen Singular ich werde sagen: I will say du wirst sagen: you will say er/sie/es wird sagen he/she/it will say Plural wir werden sagen : we will say ihr werdet sagen: you will say sie werden sagen: they will say

5.42 The past participle The other compound tenses are formed with the past participle (das Partizip Perfekt). Regular verbs form the past participle by: 1) taking the stem of the infinitive 2) adding ge- to the beginning of the stem 3) adding -t to the end of the stem Thus: machen  gemacht, holen  geholt, segeln  gesegelt, senden  gesendet, antworten  geantwortet

5.43 Omission of ge- from participles The prefix ge- is omitted from the past participle with verbs ending in -ieren: e.g. studieren  studiert, gratulieren  gratuliert, kritisieren  kritisiert Likewise -eien: prophezeien  prophezeit Also with verbs with inseparable prefixes: bezahlen  bezahlt, erregen  erregt, entdecken  entdeckt, genügen  genügt, versuchen  versucht, zerstören  zerstört

5.44 Separable verbs ge- is put between the prefix of a separable verb and the stem participle: zumachen  zugemacht, einkaufen  eingekauft, ausbreiten  ausgebreitet BUT if the simple verb has no ge- in the past participle, it is also lacking in corresponding separable verbs: ausprobieren  ausprobiert (= to try out) anerkennen  anerkannt

5.45 The perfect tense The perfect tense is comprised of: 1) the present tense of haben or sein 2) the past participle of the Vollverb It is used in spoken German to relate the past (and in written German to indicate a past event that is relevant to the present). As a general rule: simple past / preterite = written German perfect tense = spoken German

5.46 Perfect tense: sagen Singular Plural ich habe gesagt: I have said du hast gesagt: you have said er/sie/es hat gesagt he/she/it has said Plural wir haben gesagt: we have said ihr habt gesagt : you have said sie haben gesagt: they have said

5.47 Perfect Tense: haben or sein? Verbs that take sein include: Intransitive verbs of motion: kommen, gehen, fahren, laufen, reisen, fliegen Intr. verbs of change of state: einschlafen, werden, wachsen, sterben, erscheinen To happen: passieren, geschehen, vorgehen To succeed / fail: gelingen, missglücken sein bleiben

5.48 Perfect tense: sein Singular ich bin gewesen: I have been du bist gewesen: you have been er/sie ist gewesen he/she has been Plural wir sind gewesen: we have been ihr seid gewesen: you have been sie sind gewesen: they have been

5.49 The pluperfect tense The pluperfect tense is comprised of: 1) the imperfect tense of haben or sein 2) the past participle of the Vollverb It equates to the English pluperfect in that it expresses what the speaker “had done”: Das hatte ich längst vergessen. (= I had forgotten that a long time ago.) Nachdem ich das Haus verlassen hatte... (= After having left the house...)

5.50 Pluperfect Tense: holen Singular ich hatte geholt: I had fetched du hattest geholt: you had fetched er/sie hatte geholt: he/she had fetched Plural wir hatten geholt: we had fetched ihr hattet geholt: you had fetched sie hatten geholt: they had fetched

5.51 Pluperfect Tense: reisen Singular ich war gereist: I had travelled du warst gereist: you had travelled er/sie war gereist: he/she had travelled Plural wir waren gereist: we had travelled ihr wart gereist: you had travelled sie waren gereist: they had travelled

5.52 Irregular past participles A few strong verbs form their past participle by adding -t. These are the same verbs that form the imperfect with -te: e.g. bringen  brachte  gebracht denken  dachte  gedacht brennen  brannte  gebrannt kennen  kannte  gekannt nennen  nannte  genannt rennen  rannte  gerannt

5.53 Irregular past participles Almost all other strong verbs form the past participle in -en. There are some patterns, but verbs MUST be learned individually! -ei  -ie  -ie: bleiben  blieb  geblieben -ei  -i  -i: beißen  biss  gebissen -e  -a  -o: helfen  half  geholfen -e  -a  -e: geben  gab  gegeben -e  -o  -o: fechten  focht  gefochten

5.54 Irregular past participles (2) Here are some more strong verbs patterns leading to past participles ending in -en. -i  -a  -u: singen  sang  gesungen -i  -a  -o: gewinnengewanngewonnen -ie  -o  -o: fliegen  flog  geflogen -a  -u  -a: fahren  fuhr  gefahren -a  -ie  -a: fallen  fiel  gefallen

5.55 Present participles The present participle (das Partizip Präzens) is formed for all German verbs by: 1) taking the infinitive of the verb 2) adding -d to the end of the stem e.g. machen  machend, gehen  gehend, studieren  studierend Neither sein nor haben have a present participle

5.56 Present participles (2) Present participles indicate actions taking place at the same time as the finite verb. They are almost exclusively used in modern German as adjectives (with adj. endings!): e.g. die schreienden Vögel, das kochende Wasser, ein wartendes Auto Also as adjectival nouns: die Sterbende (the dying woman), die Streikenden (strikers)