A systemic functional analysis of the German clause Erich Steiner & Elke Teich European-International Systemic Functional Workshop, Lisboa, July 2002.

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 Präsentation transkript:

A systemic functional analysis of the German clause Erich Steiner & Elke Teich European-International Systemic Functional Workshop, Lisboa, July 2002

Basic typology inflectional language, e.g., case functions to mark syntactic function/participant roles Alice schreibt Gedichte. (Alice writes poems.) – Subject: nominative case Mir ist kalt. (Me is cold.) – Senser: dative case basic word order: –SVO/SOV, e.g., Peter hat mich gestern vom Bahnhof abgeholt....weil Peter mich gestern vom Bahnhof abgeholt hat. –Finite-second, e.g., Peter hat mich gestern vom Bahnhof abgeholt. Gestern hat Peter mich vom Bahnhof abgeholt. grammatical vs. pragmatic word order mix THEME MOOD TRANSITIVITY

Theme (1) Er kam gestern spät nachhause. he came yesterday late home (2) Gestern kam er spät nachhause. yesterday came he late home (3) Am Bahnhof sind immer viele Leute. at-the station are always many people (4) Vielleicht ist er ja doch noch gekommen. maybe has he (MOD-PART) still come (5) Mich friert. me-ACC freezes (6) Das Buch habe ich nicht gestohlen. the book have I not stolen most inherent participant/ circumstance (temporal/ modal/spatial): unmarked Theme other: marked Theme

unmarked THEME- SELECTION marked participant-other than-most-inherent temporal/spatial/modal/circumstance Theme/ Most-inherent-participant THEME [mood: declarative] Theme/ Circumstance UNMARKED- TYPE MARKED- TYPE most-participant-participant Circumstance-other-than temporal/spatial/modal other THEME- PREDICATION predicated multiple finite Theme/ Finite THEME- TYPE nonpredicated simple MULTIPLE- TYPE other-multiple exp-multiple SIMPLE- TYPE experiential interpersonal textual

Mood Sample text (1): Christa Wolf, Der Geteilte Himmel (1) a: Was macht die Brigade Meternagel?" fragte er. […] How is the Meternagel brigade doing?" he asked. […] (2) b: Sie zanken sich", sagte sie. […] They are quarreling", she said. […] (3) a: Meternagel macht zu viel Dampf, was?" Meternagel has put the screws on, hasnt he?" (4) b: Er hat doch recht", sagte Rita. Hes perfectly right", said Rita, (5) Warum glauben Sie ihm nur nicht?" Just why dont you believe him?" (1), (5): interrogative, w-interrogative (W-element ^ Finite) (2), (4): declarative (3): declarative, tagged

imperative indicative declarative interrogative polar-interrogative w-interrogative Finite ^ Subject/Complement + W W ^ Finite tagged untagged MOOD INDICATIVE- TYPE TAGGING INTERROGATIVE TYPE + Finite imperative-verb.mood [clause: finite]

Mood: Imperative relationship speaker-addressee: polite, informal, impersonal (jussive) (1) Halten Sie die Einfahrt frei! keep you- POL the exit free (2) Halte/haltet die Einfahrt frei! keep-you- SG/PL the exit free (3) Einfahrt frei halten! exit free keep - INF imperative strength: commanding, suggestive etc. (4) Gehen wir! – Wir gehen! go we – we go (5) Lass uns gehen! let us go

IMPERATIVE- TYPE + Finite POLITENESS NUMBER-OF- ADDRESSEES polite informal one-addressee more-than-one- addressee Finite imperative-sg impersonal personal + Nonfinite Nonfinite infinitive OR perf. participle jussive commanding + Subject Subject ^ Finite OR Finite ^ Subject + `lassen´ uns PERSONAL -TYPE + Subject Finite imperative-polite ADDRESSEE- MENTION addressee- mention addressee- nonmention * + Subject oblative suggestive + `lassen´ mich * not available for suggestive nor oblative Finite imperative-pl

Transitivity Sample text (2): Alfred Andersch, Die Rote (1) Zu seinen Füssen hockend, Sitting at his feet, (2) erzählte sie ihre Geschichte der Nacht und einem Fremden, she told her story to the night and to a stranger (3) der auf so eine übertriebene Art und Weise ein Mann war, who was a man in such an overstated way (4) dass sie ihn nicht zu fürchten brauchte. that she didnt have to fear him. (5) Obwohl sie ihm nichts verschwieg, nicht einmal ihre Angst Even though she did not hide anything, not even her fear vor einer Schwangerschaft, of a pregnancy, (6) war sie schon zu Ende, she had ended (7) als sie ihre Zigarette fertig geraucht hatte. when her cigarette was finished. (8) Sie erhob sich. She rose. material (Actor) verbal (Sayer, Verbiage, Receiver) relational (Attribuend, Attribute) mental (Senser, Phenomenon) verbal (Sayer, Verbiage, Receiver) relational (Attribuend, Attribute) material (Actor, Goal) material (Actor)

Transitivity Sample text (3): DIE ZEIT on the spelling reform (1) Nach kurzem Vokal steht jetzt ss statt ß; Short vowels are followed by ss now instead of ß; (2) nach langem Vokal oder Diphthong steht weiterhin ß. after long vowels or diphthongs we continue to use ß. (3) Dies ist die einzige neue Regel, This is the only new rule, (4) die im Schriftbild anfangs auffallen wird, that will strike the eye in typography in the beginning (5) denn sie ist in normalen Texten für über 90 Prozent der because in normal texts it will constitute 90% of Änderungsfälle verantwortlich. all the instances of change. (6) Für viele wird mit dieser einen neuen Regel die For many of us, this one single rule will Rechtschreibreform auch schon enden… exhaust the spelling reform … (7) Das einfache s im Wortauslaut bleibt unverändert. Simple s in word endings remains unaffected. rel:circumstantial rel:identifying mental rel:attributive material rel:attributive

Transitivity PROCESS- TYPE TRANSITIVITY [clause] material mental verbal relational Er öffnete die Tür. he opened the door Die Tür öffnete sich. the door opened -REFL + Sayer, Verbiage, Receiver + Senser, Phenomenon +Actor, Goal + Identified, Identifier/ Attribuend, Attribute Er öffnete. he opened AGENCY middle effective +Agent transitive ergative

PHENOMENALITY SENSING- TYPE MENTAL- TYPE cognitive perceptive affective COGNITIVE TYPE effected-cognitive affected-cognitive active-cognitive PERCEPTIVE TYPE AFFECTIVE TYPE effected-perceptive affected-perceptive active-perceptive effected-affective affected-affective active-affective Ich friere. I- NOM freeze Mir ist kalt. me- DAT is cold Mich friert. me- ACC freezes Ich mag das Buch. I- NOM like the book Mir gefällt das Buch. me- DAT pleases the book Mich berührte das Buch. me- ACC affected the book. Ich denke... I- NOM think... Mir fällt ein.... me- DAT comes to mind... Mich überzeugt der Gedanke... me- ACC convinces the thought... Transitivity: Mental

semantics context lexico- grammar axis delicacy rank stratification metafunction Typological outlook + instantiation (register) (cf. Matthiessen, Bateman, Teich)

Typological outlook Metafunction –experiential: participants – oblique case –logical: clause hypotaxis – order of finite element; verbal group – logical organization, nominal group: Modifier ^ Head –interpersonal: Subject – nominative case, finiteness – finite in second position (Verbalklammer) –textual: theme – word order (variety of unmarked Themes: most inherent participant, circumstances) Axis –many instances of realizational differences when compared to, for instance, English (e.g., morphology) Delicacy –transitivity, mental processes: degree of involvedness of the Senser –voice: passive more delicate in German than in English

Typological outlook Stratification –relation semantics–grammar: for example, filling of Subjects with animate Things required, otherwise metaphorical E: Text books write this process as HCl H++ Cl-. G: ?? Lehrbücher schreiben diesen Prozess als HCl H++ Cl-. G: ? Lehrbücher beschreiben diesen Prozess als HCl H++ Cl-. G: In Lehrbüchern wird dieser Prozess als HCl H++ Cl- dargestellt. in textbooks is this process as HCl H++ Cl- presented Instantiation –in parallel texts (i.e., translations; cf. example above) –in multilingually comparable texts –cf. Teich 2001, Klaumann 2000; Neumann, in preparation