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ROMANTICISM
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Time Line Monroe Doctrine 1823 Hugo: Hunchback of Notre Dame 1831
Dickens: Oliver Twist Dumas: The Three Musketeers 1844 Poe: The Raven Darwin: Origin of Species American Civil War Twain: Huckleberry Finn Bell invents telephone
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The Spirit of the Age A sense of shared vision
Early support of the French Revolution Rise of the individual Affinity with nature Radical poetics/politics An obsession with violent change
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The Enlightenment Romanticism
Early 19c Society is good Curbing violent impulses! Civilization corrupts Institutions have rippling effects
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Emotions! Passion! Irrationality!
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Lady Macbeth - Henry Fuseli, 1794
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2. The “Rugged” Individual
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Wandering Above the Sea of Fog Caspar David Friedrich, 1818
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The Dreamer Gaspar David Friedrich, 1835
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Solitary Tree Caspar David Friedrich, 1823
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3. The Power and Fury of Nature
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An Avalanche in the Alps Philip James de Loutherbourg, 1803
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Sunset After a Storm On the Coast of Sicily – Andreas Achenbach, 1853
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The Deluge Francis Danby, 1840
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Shipwreck – Joseph Turner, 1805
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The Eruption of Vesuvius - John Martin
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Lion with the Rabbit - Eugène Delacroix
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4. Science Can Be Dangerous
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Isaac Newton – William Blake, 1795
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5. The “New” Technology Is Dehumanizing
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Rain, Steam, and Speed Joseph Mallord William Turner, 1844
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6. Romanticizing Country Life
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Flatford Mill – John Constable, 1817
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The Corn Field John Constable, 1826
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A Mill at Gillingham in Dorset John Constable, 1826
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7. The Gothic: “Romanticizing” the Middle Ages
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Coming From Evening Church Samuel Palmer, 1830
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Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows John Constable, 1831
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Hadleigh Castle - John Constable, 1829
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Eldena Ruin Gaspar David Friedrich, 1825
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8. The Exotic, the Occult, and the Macabre
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Abbey in an Oak Forest Caspar David Friedrich, 1809-1810
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The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed with the Sun William Blake, 1808-1810
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Stonehenge - John Constable, 1836
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Nightmare (The Incubus) Henry Fuseli, 1781
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Manfred and the Witch of the Alps John Martin - 1837
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Witches Sabbath Francisco Goya, 1798
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Saturn Devours His Son Francisco Goya, 1819-1823
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9. Nationalism
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Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi Eugène Delacroix, 1827
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Liberty Leading the People Eugène Delacroix, 1830
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Detail of the Musket Bearer Delacoix, himself
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The Burning of Parliament (1) Joseph Turner, 1834-1835
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His Majesty’s Ship, “Victory” (Trafalgar) - John Constable, 1806
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The Fighting Temeraire Joseph Mallord William Turner, 1838
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An Officer of the Imperial Horse Guard Théodore Géricault, 1814
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The Shooting of May 3, 1808 Francisco Goya, 1815
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Portrait of Frederick Chopin Eugène Delacroix, 1838
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10. Interest in Exotic Foreign Lands
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Grand Canal, Venice Joseph Mallord William Turner, 1835
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Massacre of Chios - Eugène Delacroix, 1824
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The Fanatics of Tangiers Eugène Delacroix, 1837-1838
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The Sultan of Morocco and His Entourage Eugène Delacroix, 1845
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Women of Algiers in Their Apartment Eugène Delacroix, 1834
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The Bullfight - Francisco Goya
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Charge of the Mamelukes, May 2nd, 1808 Francisco Goya, 1814
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11. Return to Christian Mysteries
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God as the Architect - William Blake, 1794
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Elohim Creating Abraham William Blake, 1805
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Body of Abel Found by Adam and Eve William Blake, 1825
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Faust and Mephistopheles Eugène Delacroix, 1826-1827
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The Seventh Plague of Egypt John Martin, 1823
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The Cathedral Gaspar David Friedrich, 1818
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Romantic Literature Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte
Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte Ivanhoe Sir Walter Scott Les Miserables Victor Hugo The Three Musketeers Alexander Dumas Frankenstein Mary Shelley Dracula Bramm Stoker Grimm’s Fairy Tales Jacob & Wilhelm Grimm Faust Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
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The Romantic Poets Percy Byssche Shelley Lord Byron
Samuel Taylor Coleridge William Wordsworth John Keats William Blake
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Music of the Romantic Era
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Aspects of Romanticism in music & art
The artist apart from society The artist as social critic/revolutionary The artist as genius/cultural hero BEETHOVEN: “Why bow to social status?”
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Many important Romantic Composers
Franz Schubert Bedrich Smetana Antonin Dvořák Peter Tchaikovsky Johannes Brahms Giuseppe Verdi Giacomo Puccini Richard Wagner Robert Schumann Clara Schumann Frederic Chopin Franz Liszt Felix Mendelssohn Hector Berlioz Chapter 1
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The misunderstood genius
“To be a genius is to be misunderstood” – Emerson The artist out in front, ahead of the audience, the advanced guard (a military metaphor) – the avant garde “Music could quickly come to such a point, that everyone who is not precisely familiar with the rules and difficulties of the art would find absolutely no enjoyment in it.” A critic reviewing the premiere of Beethoven’s 3rd Symphony
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Beethoven the transition composer
Early style: Classical, the language of Mozart and Haydn Later style: Romantic intense, passionate, virtuosic Not a servant, but an independent creator
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Franz Schubert 1797-1828 Austrian Only 31 years old at his death
Wrote 16 operas, only 3 performed in his lifetime; none performed today Between songs Died of syphilis
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Schubert, Erlkonig 1815 (Goethe)
(Narrator) Who rides so late through the night and wind? It is a father with his child; he has the boy close in his arm, he holds him tight, he keeps him warm. (Father) "My son, why do you hide your face in fear?" (Son) "Father, don't you see the Erlking? The Erlking with his crown and train?" (Father) "My son, it is a streak of mist." (Erlking) "You dear child, come with me! I'll play very lovely games with you. There are lots of colourful flowers by the shore; my mother has some golden robes." (Narrator) Wer reitet so spät durch Nacht und Wind? Es ist der Vater mit seinem Kind; Er hat den Knaben wohl in dem Arm, Er fasst ihn sicher, er hält ihn warm. (Father) "Mein Sohn, was birgst du so bang dein Gesicht?" (Son) "Siehst, Vater, du den Erlkönig nicht? Den Erlkönig mit Kron' und Schweif?" (Father) "Mein Sohn, es ist ein Nebelstreif." (Erlking) "Du liebes Kind, komm geh mit mir! Gar schöne Spiele spiel' ich mit dir; Manch' bunte Blumen sind an dem Strand; Meine Mutter hat manch' gülden Gewand."
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(Son) "Mein Vater, mein Vater, und hörest du nicht, Was Erlkönig mir leise verspricht?"
(Father) "Sei ruhig, bleibe ruhig, mein Kind; In dürren Blättern säuselt der Wind." (Erlking) "Willst, feiner Knabe, du mit mir geh'n? Meine Töchter sollen dich warten schön; Meine Töchter führen den nächtlichen Reih'n Und wiegen und tanzen und singen dich ein." (Son) "Mein Vater, mein Vater, und siehst du nicht dort, Erlkönigs Töchter am düsteren Ort?" (Son) "My father, my father, don't you hear the Erking whispering promises to me?" (Father) "Be still, stay calm, my child; it's the wind rustling in the dry leaves." (Erlking) "My find lad, do you want to come with me? My daughters will take care of you; my daughters lead the nightly dance, and they'll rock and dance and sing you to sleep." (Son) "My father, my father, don't you see the Erlking's daughters over there in the shadows?"
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(Father) "Mein Sohn, mein Sohn, ich seh' es genau, Es scheinen die alten Weiden so grau."
(Erlking) "Ich liebe dich, mich reizt deine schöne Gestalt, Und bist du nicht willig, so brauch ich Gewalt." (Son) "Mein Vater, mein Vater, jetzt fasst er mich an! Erlkönig hat mir ein Leids getan!" (Narrator) Dem Vater grauset's, er reitet geschwind, Er hält in Armen das ächzende Kind, Erreicht den Hof mit Müh und Noth; (Father) "My son, my son, I see it clearly, it's the gray sheen of the old willows." (Erlking) "I love you, your beautiful form delights me! And if you're not willing, then I'll use force." (Son) "My father, my father, now he's grasping me! The Erlking has hurt me!" (Narrator) The father shudders, he rides swiftly, he holds the moaning child in his arms; with effort and urgency he reaches the courtyard:
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Is death tempting & attractive?
In seinen Armen das Kind war tot. in his arms the child was dead. Emotions? Balance, repose, clarity? NO! FEAR & SUPERNATURAL EVIL Is death tempting & attractive?
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Another development In the 1830s, composer/conductor Felix Mendelssohn conducts a performance of Bach’s Mass in B minor – so what? Music of the past begins to take a place on concert programs – it eventually dominates concert programming! By 1870, seventy-five per cent of works in the Gewandhaus (a famous German orchestra) repertory were by dead composers. By 1870, seventy-five per cent of works in the Gewandhaus repertory were by dead composers.
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Hector Berlioz 1803-1869 French Symphonie Fantastique Program music
Themes of love, madness, drugs, death, demons
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Frédéric Chopin 1810-1849 Polish, lived in France Famous pianist
Only gave 14 public performances in his life Minute Waltz Polonaises Nocturnes
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Richard Wagner 1813-1883 German Opera innovator
The Ring – over 18 hours of music
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Giuseppe Verdi 1813-1901 Italian Composer as national/popular figure
Rigoletto (“La Donna Mobilé”) “Folk” Nationalism
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Bedrich Smetana Czech composer The Moldau 1816
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Gioacchino Rossini 1792-1868 Italian The Barber of Seville 1816
William Tell 1829
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Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky 1840-1893
Russian 1812 Overture Swan Lake 1875 Sleeping Beauty 1888 The Nutcracker 1891
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