Artikulatorische Analyse der Lippenbewegungen in Schwas:

Präsentation zum Thema: "Artikulatorische Analyse der Lippenbewegungen in Schwas:"—  Präsentation transkript:

1 Artikulatorische Analyse der Lippenbewegungen in Schwas:
Akzentuierung, Wortposition und Schwa-V-Schwa Koartikulation. Jonathan Harrington IPDS, Kiel. Articulatory analysis of lip movements in schwas: accent, word position and schwa-V-schwa coarticulation.

2 Artikulatorische Analysen der Akzentuierung (Satzbetonung)
Grössere Gesten Ausdehnung vom Vokalraum (zB: De Jong, 1995; Harrington, Fletcher, Beckman, 2000; Harrington, Fletcher, Roberts, 1995 und andere) Brief summary of previous kinematic studies showing that accentuation generally leads to bigger gestures and sometimes to an expansion of the vowel space (vowel hyperarticulation)

3 Transkonsonantische V-V Koartikulation
(Öhman, 1966) Vielleicht mehr Koartikulation innerhalb als zwischen prosodischen Einheiten Bell-Berti & Harris, 1979, perzeveratorische übertrifft antizipatorische Koartikulation in p«KVK«p = p«[KVK«p]F, wo […]F = Fuss Kompatibel mit Konsonantenstärkung zu Beginn von prosodischen Einheiten (Keating, Fougeron, Cho) voraussagbar Brief summary of V-V coarticulation which goes back to Oehman. A relevant study is by Bell-Berti & Harris which showed greater V-schwa perseverative coarticulation than V-schwa anticipatory coarticulation. Perhaps coarticulation is more likely within that across prosodic constituents such as the foot. This would be compatible with the various studies by Keating, Fougeron, Cho showing there is consonant strengthening at the beginning of prosodic constituents in the hierarchy (on the assumption that consonantal strenghthening might block transconsonantal V-V coarticulation

4 Stimuli, Sprecher Here’s the Seargant Mabibber plan. Akzentuiert
It can’t be the Seargant Mabibber plan, she’s only a corporal. Akzentuiert Unakzentuiert Paradigmatische Variationen des Vokals [I e Q Œ  U] (‘mabibber/bebber/babber/bubber/bobber/boober’) Dieser 'Dialog' wurde 20 Mal von 3 australisch-englischen Sprecherinen gelesen A summary of the materials recorded Aufnahmen von Bewegungsdaten mit Carstens EMA Obere und unteren Lippe Zungenrücken 1 cm and 2 cm hinter der Zungenspitze Kiefer

5 Etikettierung der Lippenöffnung
Ö (ObLx – UnLx )2 + (ObLy – UnLy)2 (Byrd, Phonetica 2000;57:3–16) ObL = Oberlippe, UnL = Unterlippe, x/y horizontale/vertikale Bewegung m b U b p 5 mm Lippenöffnung Calculation of lip aperture based on Byrd, 2000 Akustisches Signal 100 200 300 400 Dauer (ms)

6 Fragestellungen… 1. Akzentuierung
(a) Wo? In der betonten Silbe? Im Fuss? Im gesamten Wort? (b) Wie? zB syntagmatische Stärkung? (Silverman & Pierrehumbert, Harrington, Fletcher, Beckman, 2000) = größere Verengung in Ks, größere Öffnung in Vs. 2. V auf Schwa Koartikulation Deutlichere perzeverative als antizipatorische Wirkungen? 3. Akzentuierung x Koartikulation (a) Paradigmatische Ausdehnung vom Vokalraum (de Jong, 1995)? (b) Größere oder kleinere V-auf-Schwa Koartikulationseffekte in Schwas akzentuierter Wörter? 3 major questions. 1. Accentuation (a) where is its effect most marked? In the primary stressed syllable (the syllable associated with the pitch accent? In the foot? Or in the whole word. (b) How is it manifested (non-tonally)? Is there a syntagmatic CV strengthening I.e. greater constriction in Cs, greater opening in Vs of accented words? 2. V-Schwa coarticulation, greater perseverative than anticipatory effects? 3. Accentuation and coarticulation interactions. Firstly is there a greater expansion of the vowel space in accented words? Secondly, is V-Schwa coarticulation increased or diminished in accented relative to unaccented words?

7 1. Akzentuierung: Parameter
(a) Größe , (b) Dauer, (c) Höchstgeschwindigkeit Lippenöffnung [«b] [m«] a b c [b«] [«p] 2.6 cm 2.2 1.8 Geschwindigkeit -15 -5 5 15 -15 -5 5 15 The parameters: (a) lip-magnitude, (b) gesture duration (c) peak velocity. These were obtained in the first syllable for (hence lip-magnitude of opening gesture) and for (hence lip magnitude closing gesture); and the same in the final syllable for and cm/s cm/s 100 200 300 400 500 600 Dauer (ms)

8 Höchst-Geschwindigkeit
Größe initial final initial final initial final [m«] [«b] [b«] [«p] [m«] [«b] [b«] [«p] [m«] [«b] [b«] [«p] SPRECHERIN KC * * * * SPRECHERIN ZS * SPRECHERIN SP * 0.5 cm Höchst-Geschwindigkeit 10 cm/s Dauer Average values on these parameters separately for accented (red) and unaccented (yellow). * means a significant difference between accented and unaccented, p < The results show very clearly for KC, SP bigger and faster gestures and generally longer gestures. Much less clear for ZS who probably didn't make the accented/unaccented distinction as clearly, or just used tonal cues. Note also the bigger and faster gestures in the first syllable, compared with the last syllable in both accented and unaccented categories. 60 ms * p < 0.01 und sig. Vokal-Interaktion akzentuiert unakzentuiert * p < 0.01

9 Akzentuierung: fortgesetzt syntagmatische Untersuchung
Berechnung von: Va - Vu Va,Vu: Die Lippenöffnung gemittelt pro Vokalkategorie in akzentuierten (Va) und unakzentuierten (Vu) Wörtern zu 7 Zeitpunkten b e b p m The parameter for estimating whether accentuation produces a syntagmatic enhancement. Average gestures were computed separately per vowel category in accented and unaccented words (here for /e/, I.e. mabebber); then the average difference in lip position at 7 time points was calculated – a negative value here means that the lips are pressed more closely together in accented words, a positive value that they are further apart. Akzentuiert, unakzentuiert (gemittelt in 'mabebber')

10 Durchschnittlicher Unterschied in der Lippenposition zwischen akzentuierten und nicht-akzentuierten Vokalen pro Vokal-Kategorie Sprecherin KC m b V b p 2.5 (mm) V= [I e Q Œ  U] 1.5 Lippenöffnungsunterschied zB ist im Durchschnitt die Lippenöffung vom ersten [«] ca. 1.5 mm größer in akzentuierten mabebber im Vergleich zu unakzentuierten mabebber -1.0 The results of this calculation for the different vowel categories. For the consonants other than [p] all values are below the line (less than 0) showing that for every vowel category, the lips are more constricted in the consonants of accented words while in the vowels they are further apart. Hence for KC a clear case of syntagmatic enhancement.

11 m « b V b « p ZS V= [I e Q Œ  U] SP 10 5 15 10 5 -5
Comparable data for ZS and SP. The data for SP is completely consistent with that of KC; less consistent effects for ZS, but a clear trend in the same direction. V= [I e Q Œ  U] -5 5 10 15 SP

12 2. V auf Schwa Koartikulation
Inwiefern wird die Lippenöffnung in [m«b] (initial) und [b«p] (final) von der Vokalkategorie beeinflusst (unabhängig von der Akzentuierung)? m « b b « p KC 260 220 Part 2. Is the lip opening in the first syllable influenced to a greater or less extent by by vowel category compared with the final syllable? This plot of KC's data at least shows a much stronger influence in the final syllable. V= [I e Q Œ  U] 180

13 2. V auf Schwa Koartikulation (fortgesetzt)
Quantifizierung der Koartikulation Berechnung vom dem Anteil der erklärten Varianz (h2 = 'Eta-Quadrat'), der auf die Unterschiede zwischen Vokalkategorien zurückzuführen ist. In order to quantify coarticulation effects eta-squared was calculated. This is done after an ANOVA and it varies between 0 and 1. It is a measure of the proportion of the variance explained by a particular factor – so the more the factor (here the vowel category) has a coarticulatory influence on the initial or final syllable, the greater the value of eta-squared.

14 Je mehr eine Verteilung (-----) von den Unterschieden zwischen den Kategorien beeinflusst wird, umso größer h2 (0 £ h2 £ 1) h2(Vokal) hoch h2(Vokal) niedrig e U I Q E U I O A V Wahrscheinlichkeit The same point illustrated graphically – the distribution for all vowels lumped together is shown by the black dotted line. Clearly on the left, the difference between vowel categories explains a good deal of the variance and so eta squared is going to be a good deal higher than on the right. 20 25 30 35 25 30 35 Lippenöffnung (mm) Lippenöffnung (mm)

15 h2 ('Eta-Quadrat') Berechnungen
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) as.factor(Akzent) as.factor(Vokal) as.factor(a):as.factor(v) Residuals S h2 = Sum Sq/S Sum sq h2 (Vokal) = 168.2/ = Bedeutet: 1.95% der Varianz in der Verteilung wird durch die Unterschiede in den Vokalkategorien verursacht The details of how to get at eta squared in R.

16 Sprecherin KC: h2 (Vokal)
m b V b p * NS * * * * * 0.6 0.4 h2 0.2 Die Unterschiede zwischen den Vokalkategorien üben einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Lippenöffnung im ersten [b] aus (p < 0.01); und sie erklären etwas mehr als 10% der Varianz in der Verteilung zu diesem Zeitpunkt. 0.0 ANOVAs and then eta-squared were calculated at the 7 time points on page 5 with vowel category as a factor at the lip-opening size as the dependent variable. An asterisk means the vowel had a significant effect at that time point. Note (amazingly) the non-significant effect of vowel on the first schwa, but then a significant effect on the [m] preceding that – showing that coarticulation can spread to the left across a site where it is blocked. The graph obviously has a highest eta-squared score at time point 4 (lip-opening in the vowel). Very clearly a greater effect in the syllable-final than syllable-initial b (greater persevarative coarticulation), but not much difference between the schwas. -200 -100 100 200 Durchschnittliche Dauer (ms) im Verhältnis zum V

17 Sprecherin SP: h2 (Vokal) Sprecherin ZS: h2 (Vokal)
m b V b p m b V b p ns ns * * * * * * ns * * * * * 0.8 0.6 h2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.0 Same figures for the other speakers. There's clearly a greater V-schwa perseverative than anticipatory effect here (bigger eta-squared scores in than in 0.0 -200 -100 100 200 -200 -100 100 200 Durchschnittliche Dauer (ms) im Verhältnis zum V

18 h2 (Vokal), alle Sprecherinnen
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 KC ZS SP h2 Erste Silbe 0.0 m « b m « b m « b 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 A summary of the last two slides showing the size of eta squared in (top) compared with (bottom) separately by speaker and phoneme. Clearly, a generally bigger perseverative than anticipatory effect. h2 Letzte Silbe b « p b « p b « p

19 3. V-auf-Schwa Koartikulation und Akzentuierung
Vergleich: h2 (akzentuierte Vokale) mit h2 (unakzentuierte Vokale) zu den Zeitpunkten von Lippenöffnungmaxima/minima in m, «, b, V, b, «, p h2 (akz. V) wird größer sein, wenn die Vokalkategorie einen stärkeren Einfluss auf die Lippenöffnung in akzentuierten im Vergleich zu unakzentuierten Wörtern ausübt. This is now about whether the accented/unaccented categorisation affects coarticulation. Here we ran ANOVAs as before but separately on the accented and unaccented words allowing eta-squared to be calculated separately in these contexts. If it's the case that coarticulation is promoted in accented words, then eta-squared should be bigger than in the unaccented context.

20 m « b V b « p KC h2 akzentuiert unakzentuiert ZS h2 SP h2 0.8 0.4 0.0
-200 200 unakzentuiert 0.8 ZS h2 0.4 0.0 The results for KC show quite dramatically that the influence of vowel category in the accented context is bigger for all 7 time points than in the unaccented context – note also the bigger eta squared in the vowel (time point 4) showing a greater influence of vowel category I.e expansion of the vowel space relative to the unaccented context. But these effects are only replicated for ZS at time point 6 and 7 (I.e. in the last syllable) and only in the vowel for SP (suggesting a modest amount of vowel expansion). -200 200 0.8 SP h2 0.4 0.0 Relative Dauer (ms) -200 200

21 Zusammenfassung initial final [m«] [«b] [b«] [«p] SPRECHERIN KC
* * * * 1. Grössere vielleicht kräftigere Gesten zu Beginn des Wortes Summary 1. The results are consistent with Keating et al's interpretation showing articulatory syntagmatic strengthening of segments at onsets of words relative to those at the onsets of syllables

22 2. Akzentuierungseffekte
Akzentuierung ist Wortakzentuierung (im gesamten Wort verteilt) Verursacht eine syntagmatische K-V Verdeutlichung für alle Vokale KC, [E], akzentuiert, unakzentuiert Accentuation effects are distributed throughout the word, not just the foot and not just the rhythmically strongest syllable. The effect of accentuation is to promote the 'vertical' syntagmatic C-V constriction contrast (Cs become more C like, Vs become more V like) There is much less clear evidence even in these lab speech data for vowel expansion in the rhythmically strongest syllable Weniger Unterstützung fuer einen erweiterten paradigmatischen Kontrast im Vokal (Vokalausdehnung) (contra de Jong, 1995 und Harrington, Fletcher & Beckman, 2000)

23 3. Koartikulation Stärkere perzeveratorische als antizipatorische Koartikulationseffekte Kaum einen Einfluss von Akzentuierung V-Schwa coarticulation effects are stronger perseveratorily than anticipatorily; the accent/unaccented distinction doesn't seem to have much of an effect of the strength of V-Schwa coarticulation, except perhaps for KC (who also shows the clearest effects of vowel hyperarticulation in the rhythmically strongest syllable

24 Die antizipatorische Koartikulation kann eine Stelle, in der sie völlig blockiert wird, überbrücken – die antizipatorische Koartikulation ist daher abstrakt und kognitiv (geplant) und nicht 'automatisch' auf das nächste Phonem angewiesen SP: h2 (Vokal) m b V b p * ns * * * * * 0.8 An interesting finding is that anticipatory coarticulation can be blocked (as in the first schwa) and then be in evidence (as in the [m] that precedes it. I think Recasens may have found something similar). This would suggest that anticipatory coarticulation is planned at quite an abstract cognitive level – it's not simply an automatic effect of the following phoneme (theory needs developing). h2 0.4 0.0 -200 -100 100 200