The Sagaing Fault in Burma: Tectonic Setting , related historical Earthquakes and  the Myitsone Hydropower Project Referent: Lin Aung Theik Regenerative.

Präsentation zum Thema: "The Sagaing Fault in Burma: Tectonic Setting , related historical Earthquakes and  the Myitsone Hydropower Project Referent: Lin Aung Theik Regenerative."—  Präsentation transkript:

1 The Sagaing Fault in Burma: Tectonic Setting , related historical Earthquakes and  the Myitsone Hydropower Project Referent: Lin Aung Theik Regenerative Energien und Energieeffizienz Universität Kassel Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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Contents Regional and topographic Map of Burma Major Tectonics Units of Burma Sagaing Fault Tectonic History Features Related Earthquakes The Myitsone Hydro power Project Background Environmental Impacts Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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Major Tectonic Units of Burma MAP of Google earth Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

4 Regional & Topographic Map
Located in South east Asia, bordered by Bangladesh, China, India, Laos and Thailand, the Adaman Sea and the Bay of Bangal. It has Area 678,000 Sqr Km. Populatíon ca. 54 Million in 2001 ( US CIA,2011) Fig. Burma and relating Asian Countries Area 678,000km2 Population 54Mil. est. (2011) Fig. Topographic Map of Burma Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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Major Tectonic Units of Burma Shan-Tanintharyi Unit Central Cenozoic Unit Indo-Burma Ranges Unit Himalayas Shan-Tanintharyi Unit Shan Plateau Indo-Burma Ranges Unit Central Cenozoic Unit Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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Major Tectonic Units of Burma 2. Central Cenozoic Unit Distribution of Basin Depocentre Structural Inversion The Sagaing Fault The Central VolcanicLine Cenozoic Era (65.5 - 0 million years ago ), Eraly Pliocene Collision of the Burma Plates & Indian Plates resulted in southwest-northeast transspressional forces that created reverse faults, north-south elongated , Pegu Yoma in central Burma Basin, divided into east & west subbasins. During the Pliocene, Mt. Popa and other volcanos along the central volcanic line to the south became more active and despositing vocanic mud and ash. The proto-Chindwin, Irrawaddy and Sittung drainage systmes developed. East-west uplift and faulting occurred near Mdy, causing the Irrawaddy River to turn abrupt west and capture Chindwin River. Fig. Tectonic Settings of the SF and the surround regions Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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Major Tectonic Units of Burma 2. Central Cenozoic Unit Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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The Sagaing Fault Tectonic History Indo-Australian Plate‘s collision with Eurasian Continent ( Eocene epoch, appx million years ago (Ma) ) resulted in Himalaya mountains The northwards drift & CCW rotation of Indian Plate Convergence along the plate‘s east boundary with oblique Angle Evolution of Sumatra Fault System, The Sagaing Fault in Burma, the obliquely-opening of Adamen Sea (since the Oligocene ca. 32 Ma) Sagaing Fault : Age 6 to 15 Ma Initial Collision of the northeastern India and Burma plates occured during the Eocene. Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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The Sagaing Fault Tectonic History The drift of Indian Plate northward toward the Burma and Eurasian Plates From Early Cretaceous (appx. 130Ma) through Middle Eocene ( appx. 50Ma ) To Late Oligocene (Apprx. 27 Ma) From Permian through Middle Jurassic time, the Eurasian Plate and probably Burma plate extended just south of the Equator. The Indian Plate was located further to the southwest , between the Africanm, Antarcticm and Australian Plates, making up part of the southern Gondwana. During the Late Jurassic and Eartly Cretaceous, Southeast Asia and the Burma plate moved northward across the equator to between lat. 10‘ and 20‘ N. Fig. Mt. Everst at Sunset Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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The Saging Fault Tectonic History & Features N. Sumatra M 6.6 Sept. 2011 Sichuan Prov. M 7.9 May 2008 Fig. Northeast Motion of India Plate Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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The Saging Fault Features 1200-km-long Strike-slip Fault One of the great strike-slip Faults of SE Asia (Curray et al. 1979; Le Dain et al ) bisecting Burma from north to South The principal right-lateral boundary bet. Sunda and Burma Plates (Curray et al. 1979; Bird 2003; Curray 2005) Ends at Adman Sea Spreading System North end fans out towards the eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (Curray 2005) Like the San Andreas Fault in California Compare to great Sumatran Fault in Indonesia (Sieh & Natawidjaja 2000) its trace is smooth geometry and continuous (Le Dain et al. 1984). uniform-fault-slip behavior Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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The Saging Fault Features MAP of Google earth Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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The Saging Fault Features SHAN PLATEAU BAGO MBT COMPRESSIONAL HORSE- TAIL MT MV JM YANGON SHWEBO WESTERN FOLD BELT WCF SSF ESF WSF EXTENSIONAL HORSE- TAIL velocity 10 to 25 mm/yr along SF (compare to 48mm/yr IP & EP) Compressional Horstail structure (North End) Extensional Horstail structure ( in Adman Sea) It moves 10 to 25 mm/yr alonngs SF. India P/ Eurasian Plate. WE can see the CH struc, on North end. And Extensiional HAT Struc. Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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The Saging Fault Features 250 km Wide Extensional Zone at the Southern Portion of the SF It wides 250km wide. Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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The related Earthquakes Sagaing Fault General line of weakness As the second part of my presentation, i wish to present the related EQ. There you can see the line which named as GLW. Ref. Chhibber, 1934 Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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The related Earthquakes The left digram shows the EQ occured regions in history of Burma. Around 1930 there are recorded EQ along SF. Fig. Recorded Earthquakes along the SF around 1930s Rangoon Fig. Some Historical Earthquakes regions related to SF (Ref. J.C. Brown, 1934 ) Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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The related Earthquakes Sagaing, Ava, Manadaly Region Earthquakes Ava Era Earthquakes AD1429, AD1467, AD1501, , , , , , , , , The hug Pagoda / Sedi cracked under a series of Ava era Eqs. Sagaing Earthquakes M7.0 Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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The related Earthquakes Pyinmana Swa Phyu Aftershock Zone 04-29 December 1930 Phyu (Daik U- Oaktwin Segment) 100km At the lowe middle of Burma experieced the big EQ with series of afterscoks. Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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The related Earthquakes Pegu City AD 868, AD 875, , (Bago) AD1567, AD1582, AD1588, AD1590 , , , , , , The City Pegu has been destroyed since AD 868. Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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The Myitsone Hydro power Project Backgroud Information Mali N‘mai Irrawaddy River Etymology Irawati (Pali) Physiography Confluece: N‘mai & Mali (Himalaya glaciers in N. Burma ca. 28°N) Mouth: through nine-armed Irrawaddy Delta inot the Indian Ocean Length 2,170 km As the last part of the presentation, let me disscuss about MZ Hpower Proj. its name came from the Pali word Irwati. Orignates from the H Gla in northern Burma ca. 28N Latitude. It goes into the Indian Oc. with delta. It longs 2, 170 km The city of Myitkyina however lies 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of the confluence and can be reached during the dry season. Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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The Myitsone Hydro power Project Backgroud Information Irrawaddy River & its Geo-Sociology Hydrography avg. Discharge at Delta 32,600m3 – 2,300m3/s Avg population density 79 people/km2 in Basin Cities Mitkyina, Sagaing,Mandalay, Prome, Rangoon >45 towns The central Basin & lowlands covers 255,081 km2 (40%of total) The average discharge near the head of the delta is between a high of 32,600 cubic metres (1,150,000 cu ft) and a low of 2,300 cubic metres (81,000 cu ft) per second. Within the basin, the average population density is 79 people/km². For these people, the river supply amounts to 18,614 m³ per person per year. It covers the Basin & Land Area of 255 thousand 81 km2. (40% of toatl Land arae = 678,000km2 ) Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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The Myitsone Hydro power Project Myitsone H.Power Project Vicinity of Sagaing Fault <100km Burma China Border Aug 2008 M5.3 50th largest Power stations (world) watershed Area 42 729km2 Chines Govt. & Burmese militry Junta (signed late 2006) There is building 7 big dams on the northern part of Irrawaddy river. The Myitsone Dam locates not less than 100km far from SF. In 2008 there occured an EQ at Bchina Border with Mag. 5.3. It will be the 50th largest PW Station on the world. The watershed Area for 7 dams will be the the total of km2. 90 % Elect. Import to China. Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

23 Impact on Irrawaddy River & Economic/Ecology
The Myitsone Hydro power Project Impact on Irrawaddy River & Economic/Ecology Key Biodiversity Areas & conservation areas Eastern Himalayan Alpine Schrub and Meadows Northern Triangle Temperature/Subtropical Forests World Centers of Plant Diversity (CPD) There will be a great geographical, social and ecological changes, the inhabitants will surely face in near future. ,, threaten the existance of Burma ,, Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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Conclusion The Sagaing Fault continental transform fault between the India and Eurasian / Sunda Plates convergence zone along the Himalayan front & spreading center in the Adaman Sea bisecting Burma from North to South one of the most active in the world GPS-derived Slip rate 18mm/yr (Socquet et.al., 2006) Several M>7 Eathquakes along in the last century Construction of seven Dams < 100km from SF from China govt. owned Company Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

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Special Thank & Reference Win Naing, Tectonic of Myanmar, Department of Geology, Yangon University. Yu Wang, Sieh, Kerry, Thura Aung, Soe Min, Khaing, S.N., Tun, S.T., 2001 Earthquakes and slip rate of the southern Sagaing fault: insights from an offset ancient fort wall, lower Burma (Myanmar), Geophysical Journal International. Tsutsumi, H., Sato, T., Tectonic Geomorphology of the Southernmost Sagaing Fault and Surface Rupture Associated with the May 1930 Pegu (Bago) Earthquake, Myanmar, Aug 2009, Bulletin of the Seismoslogial Society of America. Socquet, A.,Vigny,C.,Chamot-Rooke,N., Wim Simons,Rangin,C.,and Ambrosius, B., India und Sunda Plates motion and deformation along their boundary in Myamar determined by GPS, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol.3 Socquet, A.,Vigny,C.,Chamot-Rooke,N.,Pubellier,M., Marie-Noe¨lle Bouin, Bertrand,G., M. Becker,2003, Present-day crustal deformation around Sagaing Faultm, Myanmar, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol.108 Tint Lwin Swe, ,Myanmar Earthquake Committee Myanmar Engineering Society, Seismicity and Earthquake Hazard along the Sagaing Fault, Myanmar Engineerng Society. Damming the Irrawaddy, Kachin Environmental Organization Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Association (BANCA), Oct.2009, Environmental Impact Assessmet (Special Investigation ) on Hydropower Development of Ayeyarwady River Basin Above Myitkyina, Kachin State, Myanmar Special thanks to Prf. U Win Naing, U Tin Lwin Swe, Dr. M.P. Searle for their kind contribution. Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik

26 Many Thanks for your Attention!
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94 96 24 CENTRAL CENOZOIC UNIT 22 EASTERN BASIN SHAN PLATEAU INDO- MYANMAR RANGES 20 Shan Scarp Fault Bay of Bengal WESTERN BASIN 18 Sagaing Fault 16 Fachgebiet Geohydraulik und Ingenieurhydrologie Einführung in Ingenieugeophysik