Wirtschaftliche Faktoren der Windenergie und Stromhandel § Prof. Dr. Jürgen Schmid Erneuerbare Energien und dezentrale Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung § Energieversorgungsstrukturen im Wandel § Energie- und Kostenmanagement § Dezentrales Power-Quality- und Netzmanagement § Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik Verein an der Universität Kassel e. V. EU-Cluster Integration of Renewable Energy Systems and Distributed Generation § Europäische Forschungsprojekte

Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik e.V. Systemtechnik für die Nutzung Erneuerbarer Energien und die Dezentrale Energieversorgung Anwendungsnahe Forschung und Entwicklung Windenergie Photovoltaik Biomassenutzung Energiewandlung und Speicher Hybridsysteme Energiewirtschaft Information und Weiterbildung Vorstand: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Schmid Dr. rer. nat. Oliver Führer Personal: ca. 75 Mitarbeiter/innen Jahreshaushalt: rund 8 Mio. Euro Informationen: www.iset.uni-kassel.de

Windenergie World GWh Europe Germany German wind energy production Prof. Dr. J. Schmid 30000 15000 MW World GWh Europe 25000 12500 Germany German wind energy production 20000 10000 15000 7500 10000 5000 5000 2500 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 preliminary

Photovoltaik Prof. Dr. J. Schmid Szenario für Deutschland

Marine Current Turbines Ltd Prof. Dr. J. Schmid So, to sum up, we believe that the intense and predictable marine current resource offers the real possibility of clean energy at a cost that will ultimately be competitive not only with the other renewables - but in the long run we believe will compete head on with most forms of fossil fuelled power generation. Our ultimate target might be summarised as “twopence per kilowatt-hour” which we think is achievable within the next ten years. So in conclusion, Ladies and Gentlemen, we believe tidal stream technology has arrived - and will have a big future. All I can suggest is - “watch this space”. Thank you. 40” 13’ 45”

Seaflow installed rotor dia. 11m, rated power 300kW, pile dia. 2.1m Prof. Dr. J. Schmid operational raised for access This shows the installed system, after departure of the jackup barge, in both the raised and the lowered modes. The lifting leg is clearly visible raised in the right hand view. Work is now in hand to test it and we have briefly generated more than 100kW as well as having exceeded the design speed in both directions. 15” 09’ 45”

Seaflow First run (unloaded) 30 May 2003 Prof. Dr. J. Schmid The completed system was lowered into the sea for the first time on 30 May and was rotated with no electrical load at speeds up to 24rpm with the flow in both directions, that is on both the ebb and the flood tides. The design speed is 17.4 rpm. The system proved to be mechanically and structurally sound, and no leaks have occurred. Following this there has been a lengthy period of getting the electrical control system and instrumentation to perform correctly. 30” 09’30”

Seaflow Foundation drilling and sleeving Prof. Dr. J. Schmid Here’s another view of the drilling process. The diagram on the left shows the drill train and foundation details. The socket in this case was lined with a steel sleeve because the seabed geology was fractured rock which could not reliably sustain an unlined socket. 15” 07’ 35”

Seaflow Project - 2003 Prof. Dr. J. Schmid World’s first tidal current turbine in open sea conditions World’s first offshore “wet renewable” to deliver over 200 kW £3.4 million project funded by UK DTI the EC Joule Programme (now Energie) the German Government and the consortium partners shown below Marine Current Turbines Ltd . 9. We are responsible for a pioneering project in this field, which is called Seaflow. It is undoubtedly a landmark project, being the most powerful “wet renewable” technology so far installed at sea. It is also the first phase of our R&D programme intended to lead to the development of commercially viable, tidal powered electricity generators within the next four to five years. Seaflow was and is financially supported by the UK DTI, plus the European Commission and the German government, as well as by our industrial consortium partners whose logos are shown here. I should mention that we are also supported by EDF Energy - formerly London Power - which is a shareholder, and by W S Atkins 45” 5.92’ Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik Jahnel-Kestermann Getriebewerke Bochum GmbH

Marine currents = High energy intensity Prof. Dr. J. Schmid A tidal current turbine gains over 4x as much energy per m2 of rotor as a wind turbine Size Comparison 1MW wind turbine compared with 1MW tidal turbine 1 x 55m dia 38 tonne/sec air 7. Tidal streams can have a much higher energy intensity than wind, which means that a tidal turbine can capture at least four times as much energy per square meter of rotor as a windturbine. In otherwords, as shown in the graph, at a conservative estimate, our tidal turbine can capture 6MWh per square meter of rotor per year compared with less than 1.5Mwh for a wind turbine. The chart also shows how a tidal current turbine delivers more than 30 times the energy that could be generated from an equivalent area of solar photovoltaic panel. High energy intensity translates into profitability - since for a given power rating, tidal turbines can be much smaller than wind turbines and very much smaller than solar arrays. The picture on the right shows a 1MW tidal turbine to the same scale as a 1MW wind turbine. Clearly small size leads to lower capital costs which should give this new technology a major competitive advantage in the generation of clean energy. 55” 4.50’ 2 x 16m dia 950 tonne/sec water Small size = Lower capital costs Lower costs = Competitive Advantage

Examples of UK Tidal Current Energy Sites Prof. Dr. J. Schmid 5. I imagine you're thinking that if tidal currents of this intensity are only to be found in a few places, is there really a large enough resource to make development of an industry possible? To give an indication of the scale of this resource - supposing we "cherry pick" just the eight most energetic locations in the DTI's 1993 Tidal Stream Review - then the potential of those sites alone adds up to 62 TWh per annum deliverable from 18GW of installed capacity. To put this in perspective it is about 20% of the UK’s average electricity needs, not far short of what the nuclear industry delivers into the grid at present. 40” 3.00’ * from “Tidal Stream Energy Review” published for the DTI by the Energy Technology Support Unit, ETSU, ref. T/05/00155, Crown Copyright 1993 and “Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2000”, DTI, 2001

Dezentrale Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung Prof. Dr. J. Schmid Bisher: Zentrale Kraftwerke Dezentrale Heizung Zukünftig: Dezentrale Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung  1/3 weniger fossile Energieträger

Energieversorgungsstrukturen im Wandel Prof. Dr. J. Schmid Bisher Zentrale Großkraftwerke Auslegung auf max. Bedarfsdeckung Zeitinvariante Tarife Lastabwurf bzw. Lastabsperrung beim Kunden Keine Information zur Netzbelastung beim Kunden Strikte Leistungsabgrenzung für Einspeiser Große Leistungsreserven für u n vorhergesehene Netzbelastungen bzw. Kraftwerksausfall erforderlich Nur unidirektionale Steuerung erforderlich Kohle Kernkraft Wasser Hoch- spannungs- netz Mittel- spannungs- netz Nieder- spannungs- netz

Energieversorgungsstrukturen im Wandel Prof. Dr. J. Schmid Zukünftig Kohle Kernkraft Wasser Zusätzlich dezentrale Einspeisung Bedarfsdeckung durch Handel Zeitvariable Tarife Last- und Kostenoptimierung durch Dialog Variable Leistungsbegrenzung als Funktion der aktuellen Netzbelastung Leistungsreserven werden durch Windpark Handel reduziert bzw. eliminiert Bidirektionale Kommunikation und großer Informationsfluss erforderlich PV BZ Wind PV BZ KWK

Power-Quality- und Netzmanagement Prof. Dr. J. Schmid Veränderte Erzeugungs- und Lastflüsse Leistung Dezentrale Erzeugung Verbraucher Erzeugung Zeit Konventionelle Kraftwerke

Power-Quality- und Netzmanagement Prof. Dr. J. Schmid Prognosesystem für die Leistung aus Windenergieanlagen Stufe 1: Online-Modell rechnet aus wenigen gemessenen Windparks die aktuelle Leistung aller Anlagen hoch Stufe 2: Prognose-Modell berechnet aus aktueller Leistung und Wettervorhersage die zu erwartende Windleistung Genauigkeit im statistischen Mittel über 90 % bei 48-Stunden-Prognose über 95 % bei 3-Stunden-Prognose Einsatz: E.ON-Netz seit einem Jahr erfolgreich Vattenfall Europe Transmission und RWE-Net in Entwicklung

Wind energy and power plant scheduling Prof. Dr. J. Schmid Predicted and observed (measured) wind power

Power-Quality- und Netzmanagement Prof. Dr. J. Schmid Informationsnetz Konverter mit Konverter mit Direkte Konverter: Batterie- Schwungrad- fester Drehzahl: variabler Drehzahl: speicher speicher Photovoltaik Windkraft mit bidirek- mit bidirek- Windkraft Thermophoto- tionalem tionalem Wasserkraft Wasserkraft voltaik Stromrichter Stromrichter Motoraggregate Motoraggregate Brennstoffzellen Mikroturbinen j j j j P P, cos , THD P, cos , THD P, cos , THD P, cos , THD Stromnetz Wirkleistung (P) Wirkleistung (P) + j Blindstromkompensation (cos ) + Reduzierung von Verzerrungen (THD)

Energie- und Kostenmanagement Prof. Dr. J. Schmid Variable Stromtarife - Strombörse Leipzig LPX Monatsverlauf Tagesverlauf Preis Absatz Preis Absatz

Energie und Kommunikation Prof. Dr. J. Schmid Energie- und Power-Quality-Management

Cluster “Integration of Renewable Energies + Distributed Generation” Directorate General Research Cluster “Integration of Renewable Energies + Distributed Generation” Projects

Distributed Generation with high Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources Prof. Dr. J. Schmid Verteilte Energieerzeugung mit einem hohen Anteil erneuerbarer Energiequellen 37 Partner aus 11 europäischen Ländern: Energieversorgungs- unternehmen Industrie und Ingenieurbüros Forschungszentren und Universitäten • Alstom T&D • Vergnet • DuTrain • SMA • EMD • Kirsch APX • • Econnect The MeT Office • Cogen • • ISET • Armines • CENERG • GhK • Uni Lodz • Uni Duisburg • FhG ISE • Arsenal • Uni Genova • ICCS / NTUA • CRES ECN • • ICSTM Uni Strathclyde • UMIST • KU Leuven • • • EDF • CESI • MVV Energie • SWK • Verbundplan Iberdrola Redes Generation • EHN Labein

Distributed Generation with high Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources Entwicklungen für die Integration dezentraler Energieerzeugung in elektrische Versorgungsnetze Netzstabilität und Steuerung: Strategien und Konzepte Netzqualität: Untersuchungen und Anforderungen für dezentrale Wechselrichter und Generatoren Normen: Vorbereitung für Sicherheit und Netzqualität Management-Systeme für lokale Netze mit einem hohen Anteil an dezentraler Erzeugung Planungswerkzeuge zur Integration von dezentralen Komponenten in regionale und lokale Netze Testanlagen und Komponenten: Verbesserung und Anpassung für dezentrale Energieerzeugung Informations- und Kommunikations-technologien, Energiehandel und Lastmanagement: Einschätzung der Auswirkungen auf Endverbraucher Vertrags- und Tarifgestaltung: Untersuchungen bezüglich Energiehandel, -durchleitung und Netzdienstleistungen Internet basierte Informations- systeme für Kommunikation, Energiemanagement und -handel Verbreitung und Implementierung der erarbeiteten Konzepte

Large Scale Integration of Micro-Generation to Low Voltage Grids MICROGRIDS Large Scale Integration of Micro-Generation to Low Voltage Grids Objectives Increase penetration of RES and other micro-sources Study the operation of MicroGrids in parallel with the mains and in islanding conditions Define, develop and demonstrate control strategies for MicroGrids Define appropriate protection and grounding policies that will assure safety of operation Identify the needs and develop the telecommunication infrastructures and communication protocols required Determine the economic benefits and to propose systematic methods and tools ICCS/NTUA

CRISP Distributed Intelligence in Critical Infrastructures for Sustainable Power Aim: Design and test new strategies for distributed power generation As enabled by recent advances in ICT technologies for distributed intelligence Approach Study new strategies for various scenarios Market-oriented online demand-supply matching Intelligent load shedding Fault diagnostics in high-DG distribution networks Economic utility-driven network security models Develop associated ICT architectures and tools Carry out scenario simulations Carry out lab tests and field experiments

Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit! Prof. Dr. J. Schmid Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik e.V. Systemtechnik für die Nutzung Erneuerbarer Energien und die Dezentrale Energieversorgung Anwendungsnahe Forschung und Entwicklung Windenergie Photovoltaik Biomassenutzung Energiewandlung und Speicher Hybridsysteme Energiewirtschaft Information und Weiterbildung www.iset.uni-kassel.de www.dispower.org www.clusterintegration.org