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Type / function / form Type of words: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives etc. their function in a sentence: subject , predicate , object etc. their form depending on their funktion: nominative , accusative, genitive etc.

Cases / Fälle Der Lehrer gibt dem Mädchen den Apfel ihres Bruders The teacher gives the girl her brother‘s apple. Der Lehrer gibt nominative (subject) dem Mädchen dative (indirect object) den Apfel accusative (direct object) ihres Bruders genitive (possessive object)

Cases / Fälle There are four different cases in German: the nominative used for the subject of a sentence and for predicate nouns the accusative used for direct objects and certain prepositions the dative used for indirect objects, certain prepositions and some special verbs the genitive used to show possession or close relationships

Cases / Fälle seo cwen geseah Þone guman the woman saw the man Old English seo cwen geseah Þone guman the woman saw the man se guma geseah Þa cwen the man saw the woman

Cases / Fälle The woman saw the man She saw him The man saw the woman New English The woman saw the man She saw him The man saw the woman He saw her

Cases / Fälle Die Frau sieht den Mann Sie sieht ihn Der Mann sieht die Frau Er sieht sie

Personal Pronous I me you you he him she her it it we us they them ich mich du dich er ihn sie sie es es wir uns ihr euch

prepositions I see him. I buy a card for him. Ich sehe ihn. Ich kaufe eine Karte für ihn.

Präpositionen mit Akkusativ bis durch für gegen ohne um until Ich bin bis nächsten Montag hier. through Ich gehe durch den Park. for against Ich bin gegen ihn. without Ich komme ohne ihn. around, at Ich gehe um den Park.