Theorie und Politik der Europäischen Integration

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1 Theorie und Politik der Europäischen Integration
Theory and Politics of European Integration Introduction History Prof. Dr. Herbert Brücker

2 Today's Lecture Course Overview EU History Lecture schedule
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Today's Lecture Course Overview Lecture schedule Main themes EU History Why and how European Integration Enlargement rounds Key events

3 The Course … European Integration
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History The Course … European Integration Course Overview

4 European Integration Reading
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History European Integration Reading Baldwin, R. and C. Wyplosz (2006/2009) “The Economics of European Integration”, McGraw-Hill (1st edition 2003, 2nd edition 2006, 3rd edition 2009). Some Articles from Journals

5 Course overview (1 of 2) 18 October EU History
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Course overview (1 of 2) 18 October EU History 25 October EU Institutions and Decisionmaking 22 November The Microeconomics of Trade and Tariffs and Preferential Trade Liberalisation 6 December Market Size and Scale Effects Trade and Competition Policies 20 December Economic Growth and Capital Market Integration 10 January Migration and Labour Markets

6 Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History
Course overview (2 of 2) 24 January Optimum Currency Area Theory and EURO 7 February European Monetary Union (EMU) and EURO crisis

7 Today's Lecture - Overview
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Today's Lecture - Overview Course Overview Lecture schedule Main themes EU History Why and how European Integration Enlargement rounds Key events

8 Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History
Today's Reading EU History, Institutions, Decision Making and the Budget Baldwin & Wyplosz (2009) “The Economics of European Integration”, McGrawHill, Ch 1.

9 Why European Integration?
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Why European Integration? “The desire to avoid another war in Europe” Berlin, Reichstag, 1945 Berlin, Frankfurter Allee, 1945

10 Why European Integration?
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Why European Integration? What caused the war? Three answers: Blame the loser Capitalism Destructive Nationalism Three conceivable post-war solutions: Neutralise Germany, Morgenthau Plan, 1944 Give way to communism Pursue European integration and integrate Germany into the West integrate Germany and France European integration prevailed, but this was far from clear in late 1940s

11 The Iron Curtain - Emergence of a Divided Europe
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History The Iron Curtain - Emergence of a Divided Europe Cold War begins: USSR pushes communism in the East UK, French and US zones merged by 1948 Moves towards creation of West German government Berlin blockade 1948 Strategy shift of the West: “Neutralisation” abandoned, instead west integration with ‘strong’ West Germany Hence, demand for (West) European integration

12 First steps towards integration
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History First steps towards integration Set-up of first intergovernmental institutions Marshall plan and Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) 1948 13 of EU-15 countries joined (excl. Finland and Spain) 12 bill. USD , two-thirds to GER, FR, UK first attempts to liberalise trade Eastern counterpart CMEA set-up in 1949 European Payment Union (EPU) Bankrupt states, barter trade after 1945 EPU: multilateralisation of bilateral deals facilitates trade growth ‘Code of Liberalization’: removal of trade barriers

13 Demand for deeper integration
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Demand for deeper integration Cold-war get more war-like, higher demand for integration Rearming Germany 1949 creation of West Germany (BRD) Fears of strong Germany Widespread feeling: best to embed an economically and militarily strong Western Germany in strong international superstructure OEEC to weak for this purpose

14 Two competing roads towards European Integration
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Two competing roads towards European Integration Federalism versus Intergovernmentalism: immediate disagreement about depth of European integration federalism – supranational institutions intergovernmentalism – nations retain all sovereignty Intergovernmental initiatives: OEEC (1948) Council of Europe (1949), European Free Trade Area (EFTA) (1960). Federal initiatives: European Community for Steel and Coal (ECSC) (1951) European Economic Community (EEC) (1958).

15 Emergence of Federal approach: Rome Treaty of 1957
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Emergence of Federal approach: Rome Treaty of 1957 Radical approach towards integration: founding the EEC Architect: Jean Monnet Six members: BE, FR, GER, ITA, LX, NL Four fundamental freedoms of Common Market Free trade in goods Common external tariff (Customs Union) Ensuring undistorted competition Unrestricted trade in services Free mobility of capital Free movement of workers Exchange rate and macroeconomic coordination Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Omitted: Social integration

16 1960-1973: Competition of the integration models
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History : Competition of the integration models

17 Evolution of the two approaches
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Evolution of the two approaches Preferential liberalisation in EEC and EFTA proceeded EEC’s customs union and EFTA’s FTA completed by 1968. Discriminatory effects emerge, leading to new political pressures for EFTAs and EEC to merge trade diversion creates force for inclusion as EEC enlarges, force for inclusion strengthens

18 Evolution of the two approaches (cont.)
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Evolution of the two approaches (cont.) When UK decides to apply for EEC (1961), three other EFTA’s also change their minds De Gaulle’s ‘non’ (twice). First enlargement, 1973: UK, Denmark, Ireland and Norway (but ref. NO) admitted Higher inclusion pressures: remaining EFTAs sign FTA agreements with EEC-9 creating a large EEC-EFTA FTA

19 The Federalism approach gains ground (mid 1970s)
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History The Federalism approach gains ground (mid 1970s)

20 Euro-Pessimism, 1975-86 Economic shocks Integration problems
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Euro-Pessimism, Policy shocks ‘Luxembourg Compromise’ + Enlargement leads to decision-making jam. Economic shocks Collapse of ‘Bretton Woods’ system, Failed monetary integration schemes (except with DM) First oil price shock 1973 End of post-WWII high-growth period Integration problems Growing costs of CAP creates budget frictions Failure of deeper trade integration

21 Democracy in Greece, Spain and Portugal Greece joined EEC 1981
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Bright spots Democracy in Greece, Spain and Portugal Greece joined EEC 1981 Portugal and Spain join 1986 after long accession negotiations European Monetary System (EMS) established 1979 and works well Budget Treaties Cassis-Dijon decision on trade 1979 challenged country of origin rule which creates non-tariff barriers replaced by mutual recognition rule

22 Deeper Integration: Single Market Programme (1985-92)
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Deeper Integration: Single Market Programme ( ) Delors launches completion of the internal market with “Single European Act” Aim: create “an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured” Majority voting rule on Single Market issues

23 A sketch of the Single Market Programme (SMP)
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History A sketch of the Single Market Programme (SMP) Goods Trade Liberalisation: streamlining or elimination of border formalities harmonisation of VAT rates within wide bands liberalisation of government procurement harmonisation and mutual recognition of technical standards in production, packaging and marketing. Factor Trade Liberalisation: removal of all capital controls (!!!), and deeper capital market integration liberalisation of cross-border market-entry policies.

24 Domino effects, part II:
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Domino effects, part II: Deeper integration in EU-12 strenghend the “forces of inclusion” in remaining EFTA countries End of cold war loosened reservations among neutral EFTA countries (i.e. AT, SWE, FIN) Result of “inclusion forces” European Economic Area (EEA): Extending the Single Market to EFTA countries Applications for membership of all EFTA countries except Iceland and Liechtenstein De facto EEA membership of Switzerland although “no” vote in referendum Still two concentric circles, but both deeper

25 The enlargement rounds … Founding members
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History The enlargement rounds … Founding members 1958

26 Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History
First Enlargment … 1973 1958

27 Second and third Enlargement … political?
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Second and third Enlargement … political? 1973 1958 1986 1981

28 Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History
Fourth Enlargement … 1995 1973 1958 1986 1981

29 The road leading to Eastern Enlargement
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History The road leading to Eastern Enlargement By the 1980s, Western European system clearly superior due to the creeping failure of planned economies. per capita GDP at PPP in USSR 20 per cent of US Per capita GDP at PPS of GDR per cent of FRG Up to 1980s, Soviets thwarted reform efforts (economic and military pressure). Changes in USSR due to inadequacy economic system in the Gorbachev era: timid pro-market reforms (perestroika) openness (glasnost).

30 Velvet revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Velvet revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe June 1989: Polish labour movement ‘Solidarity’ forced free parliamentary elections and communists lost Round table government Moscow accepted Polish government Moscow’s hands-off approach to the Polish election triggered a chain of events: Reformists in Hungarian communist party pressed for democracy and opened border with Austria, escape route for 1,000s East Germans Mass protests in East Germany; Berlin Wall falls on 9 November 1989 Collapse of communist regime in Romania 1989 1989/1990: democracy in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany (unification in 1990)

31 1990: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania declared independence from USSR
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Collapse of USSR 1990: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania declared independence from USSR Failed coup d’etat against Gorbachev 1991 Collapse of USSR at the end of 1991 End of cold war without a shot But end of military division?

32 ‘Europe Agreements’ with selected CEECs
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History EU reacts EU responds swiftly to this geopolitical earthquake by providing state aid, technical assistance etc. to the fledgling democracies ‘Europe Agreements’ with selected CEECs Asymmetric removal of trade barriers Extending Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) Promises on deeper integration These countries became later accession candidates

33 German unification and Maastricht
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History German unification and Maastricht Pending 1990 unification of Germany opens door to a ‘grand bargain’ (Mitterrand, Kohl). Germany gives up DM for European Monetary Union & East Germany joins the EU without negotiation. Jacques Delors proposes 2nd radical increase in European economic integration. the formation of a monetary union. Idea championed by French President Francois Mitterrand and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. Maastricht Treaty, signed 1992 a monetary union by 1999, single currency by 2002. Also, sets up EU’s ‘three pillar’ structure to reduce EU’s ‘competency creep;’ ERM exchange rate crises,

34 EU Eastern enlargement
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History EU Eastern enlargement From Copenhagen to Copenhagen: Copenhagen Summit (Dec. 1992) declares that 10 countries from Central and Eastern Europe and Malta and Cyprus can join the EU in 2004 Copenhagen criteria for membership stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and, protection of minorities, the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union. Fifth Enlargement started with 10 countries (8+2) at May 1, 2004, and was completed when BU and RO joined at January 1, 2007

35 Fifth Enlargement … 1994 1973 2004 1958 1973 1981 What next?
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Fifth Enlargement … 1994 What next? Who is waiting to join? Croatia: Negotiations successfully concluded. Turkey: Candidate forever? Serbia: Next candidate? Other countries from former Yugoslavia apply. 1973 2004 1958 Cyprus 1973 Malta 1981

36 Was the EU prepared for Enlargement?
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Was the EU prepared for Enlargement? Enlargement required from the EU to reform institutions Four ties: Amsterdam Treaty 1997 Nice Treaty 2000 Draft Constitutional Treaty, 2003 Constitutional Treaty, June 2004 Reform Treaty, 2007

37 Failed to reform main institutions Tieded up for the Maastricht Treaty
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Amsterdam Treaty 1997 Failed to reform main institutions Tieded up for the Maastricht Treaty more social policy more rights for the Parliament Flexible integration, more room for national cooperations Amsterdam “Leftovers” Voting rules in the Council of Ministers Number of Commissioners Extension of issue of majority voting

38 Reform of main institutions, but poorly done
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Nice Treaty Reform of main institutions, but poorly done Council voting rules highly complex and reduce EU’s ability to act with more members No important extension of majority voting Make shift solution for Commissioners No reform of decision making in ECB Generally viewed as a failure Main changes re-visited in draft Constitutional Treaty, 2003

39 Constitutional Treaty
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Constitutional Treaty Reform of decision making rules More rights for Parliament Slightly more majority voting Inclusion of Charter of Human Rights A lot of other things, which a Constitutional Treaty not necessarily requires Many gestures (social rights etc.) Moves towards more coherent foreign policies, increased competencies of EC Many de facto points turned into de jure

40 An era of new EU pessimism?
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History An era of new EU pessimism? Failure of Constitution in referendum (FR, NL) Failure of Lisbon Treaty in Ireland Declining approval rates of EU in all member states Increasing disagreement with core EU values in NMS, particularly in Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary Increasing tensions between federalist and intergovernmental approach Increasing tensions on foreign policies (e.g. Iraq war) Disagreement on accession of candidate countries, particularly Turkey But ‘YES’ in second referendum in Ireland on Lisbon Treaty Lisbon Treaty ratified 2009

41 Outlook: Collapse of Eurosystem? (I/III)
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Outlook: Collapse of Eurosystem? (I/III) Financial crisis and global downturn with a GDP loss of 4 percent in Eurozone 2008/09, modest recovery in most countries (except DE) High and increasing deficits, i.e. many countri es either violate since percent deficit criteria and/or stock deficit criteria of 60 per cent of GDP (average today: 80 per cent of GDP with increasing tendency) But EU Treaties allow violation of fiscal deficit criteria in case of extraordinary macroeconomic shocks Real estate bubble has created private sector debt problem, spill-over to public sector through bank bailouts (e.g. Ireland, Spain) Large and unsustainable budget deficits in some countries (e.g. Greece, Portugal, Ireland)

42 Outlook: Collapse of Eurosystem? (II/III)
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Outlook: Collapse of Eurosystem? (II/III) Greece surprises with dramatic violation of fiscal criteria in 2010 High interest rate spreads in Greece, Ireland, Spain and Portugal (PIGS) Risk of fiscal failure of Greece and other countries and collapse of European and global finance system Credit ratings have been reduced to junk bonds in Greece, substantially reduced in Spain, Italy, Portugal and Ireland Bailout of Greece and de facto transfer union Bailout of other countries might be required (Spain, Italy, Portugal perhaps Ireland)

43 Outlook: Collapse of Eurosystem? (III/III)
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Outlook: Collapse of Eurosystem? (III/III) Different transfer mechanisms: ECB buys treasury bonds which is explictely ruled out in the Treaties, but common practice in other Central Banks (US, UK, Japan) Two new facilities for fiscal transfers: European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF): up to 440 bill. Euro European Stability Mechanism (ESM): up to 700 bill. Euro German share: per cent (190 bill. Euro) Replaces provisional EFSF Transfers and fiscal conditionality can also lead to deeper European integration

44 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION AND ENJOY THE EVENING!
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History NEXT LECTURE: October 25 EU institutions and decisonmaking Reading: Baldwin/Wyplosz, Chapter 2 + 3 Lecture should be on my web page: THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION AND ENJOY THE EVENING!

45 Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History
EU Chronology

46 The early years – Building a Customs Union
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History The early years – Building a Customs Union

47 The 70’s - Widening NOT deepening
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History The 70’s - Widening NOT deepening

48 Deepening: The SMP and Maastricht
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History Deepening: The SMP and Maastricht

49 The 1990’s: Eastern Enlargement and the Euro
Theory and Politics of European Integration Lecture 1 History The 1990’s: Eastern Enlargement and the Euro May Fifth enlargement 8 CEEC (and 2 other) countries join the EU